Abstract

AbstractThis essay examines Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s campaign for President John F. Kennedy to issue a second emancipation proclamation, which involved a series of public speeches delivered across the nation from 1961 through 1963 as well as a 60-page Appeal memorandum composed for Kennedy by Southern Christian Leadership Conference lawyers. King challenged Kennedy’s conservative, accommodating understanding of prudence by harnessing the inventional resources of Civil War centennial commemoration, folding together the past and present to offer a vision of audacious presidential leadership. Examination of this historical moment provides insight into how commemoration creates kairotic opportunities for advocates of social change to renegotiate prudence and call forth new, bolder forms of political action.

Journal
Rhetoric & Public Affairs
Published
2021-09-01
DOI
10.14321/rhetpublaffa.24.3.0447
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References (128) · 4 in this index

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  2. 2. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster Paperba…
  3. 3. As quoted in “President Urged to End Race Laws: King Wants Proclamation for a 2d ‘Emancipation,‘” New York…
  4. 4. David Brion Davis, “The Emancipation Moment,” in Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures, ed. …
  5. 5. Colleen Shogan, The Moral Rhetoric of American Presidents (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 20…
Show all 128 →
  1. 6. Throughout this essay, I refer to the Appeal as King’s text, despite the fact that there were many involve…
  2. 7. “President Urged to End Race Laws,” 29.
  3. 8. Trezzvant W. Anderson, “Requested by JFK: Dr. King’s Magna Charta Is Far-Reaching Document,” Pittsburgh Co…
  4. 9. For example, brief mentions of King's call for a second emancipation proclamation appear in Steven Levings…
  5. Robert Cook, Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961-1965 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana Sta…
  6. Eric Sundquist, King's Dream: The Legacy of Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech (New Haven, CT: Yale…
  7. Jon Wiener, "Civil War, Cold War, Civil Rights: The Civil War Centennial in Context, 1960-1965," in The Memor…
  8. and Robert Cook, "From Shiloh to Selma: The Impact of the Civil War Centennial on the Black Freedom Struggle …
  9. 10. David W. Blight, American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of …
  10. David W. Blight and Allison Scharfstein, "King's Forgotten Manifesto," New York Times, May 16, 2012, http://w…
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  13. 12. An exchange of three letters occurred through which King requested use of the Lincoln Memorial and Secret…
  14. Stewart Udall to Martin Luther King Jr., March, 14 1962, box 24, folder 17, Series I: Primary Correspondence …
  15. Martin Luther King Jr. to Stewart Udall, March 23, 1962, box 24, folder 17, Series I: Primary Correspondence …
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  34. 30. Garth E. Pauley, The Modern Presidency and Civil Rights: Rhetoric on Race from Roosevelt to Nixon (Colleg…
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  41. 37. John Murphy, “Domesticating Dissent: The Kennedys and the Freedom Rides,” Communication Monographs 59 (19…
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  55. 51. See Cook, Troubled Commemoration.
  56. 52. See, for instance, the Civil War Centennial Commission, “Guide for the Observance of the Centennial of th…
  57. 53. The Civil War Centennial Commission, “Facts about the Civil War,” 1960, folder “Commission Publications,”…
  58. 54. Robert Cook, “(Un)furl That Banner: The Response of White Southerners to the Civil War Centennial of 1961…
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  62. 58. “King Bids for 2nd Proclamation to ‘Free Negroes from Segregation,‘” Chicago Daily Defender (Daily Editio…
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  67. 63. After Kennedy’s assassination in 1963, King cited this moment as one of his most “pleasant” memories of t…
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  69. 65. “MLK/JFK on Abolition of Segregation.” October 16, 1961, box 2, folder “10/16/61 Statements re Emancipati…
  70. 66. “3 Major Southern Railroads Desegregate All Facilities,” Baltimore Afro-American, October 28, 1961, 17.
  71. 67. “3 Major Southern Railroads Desegregate All Facilities,” 17.
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  74. 70. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, “NAACP 52nd Annual Convention Resolutions,” J…
  75. 71. Mrs. Walter G. Hiltner, Committee Chairman of Christian Friends for Racial Equality, to John F. Kennedy, …
  76. 72. John F. Kennedy, “January 11, 1962: State of the Union Address,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, h…
  77. 73. “The Burden and the Glory,” New York Times, January 12, 1962, 33.
  78. 74. Maurice Fagan to Martin Luther King Jr., June 18, 1962, box 33, folder 11, Series I: Correspondence 1958-…
  79. B. Tartt Bell, Executive Secretary of the American Friends Service Committee, to Wyatt Walker, September 20, …
  80. Martin Luther King Jr. to A. Philip Randolph, June 29, 1962, box 19, folder 54, Series I: Correspondence 1958…
  81. 75. “King to Present Emancipation Document to JFK,” May 10, 1962, box 120, folder 8, Series IX: Publications …
  82. 76. Gould Maynard, “SCLC Kicks Off National Petition Campaign,” May 17, 1962, box 120, folder 8, Series IX: P…
  83. 77. “WSB-TV newsfilm clip of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaking of African American civil rights, including …
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  85. 79. King, “Appeal,” 4, 34.
  86. 80. Douglas L. Wilson, Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), 105
  87. and Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, …
  88. 81. Jones, in fact, cited the Appeal as an example of a text to which he made “extensive editorial contributi…
  89. 82. King, “Appeal,” 22.
  90. 83. “President Urged to End Race Laws,” 29.
  91. 84. King, “Appeal,” 33.
  92. 85. Recall earlier discussion in this essay regarding Kennedy’s intervention to stop violence directed at the…
  93. 86. King, “Appeal,” 34.
  94. 87. King, “Appeal,” 7.
  95. 88. King, “Appeal,” 31.
  96. 89. “Mr. Kennedy on Civil Rights,” New York Times, January 17, 1962, 30.
  97. 90. Abraham Lincoln, “The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the Propriety of Its Restoration: Speech at P…
  98. 91. For instance, on August 14, 1862 Lincoln met with a delegation of African Americans at the White House to…
  99. 92. Allen C. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America (New York: Simon and …
  100. 93. Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 5–6.
  101. 94. As quoted in Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, 5.
  102. 95. King, “Appeal,” 27.
  103. 96. King, “Address to the New York State Civil War Centennial Commission,” 7–8.
  104. 97. King, “Appeal,” 3.
  105. 98. King, “Appeal,” 6.
  106. 99. King, “Appeal,” 27.
  107. 100. King, “Appeal,” 3.
  108. 101. King, “Appeal,” 31.
  109. 102. John F. Kennedy, “Emancipation Proclamation Centennial,” December 28, 1962, box 5, folder “Emancipation …
  110. 103. Accounts vary wildly, ranging from 800 to 1,000 invitees and from 400 to 1,000 attendees. See Simeon Boo…
  111. "Biggest Reception Ever: President Kennedy Entertains 1,000 Negroes at White House," Ebony, May 1963, 89-94
  112. and Regis D. Bobonis, "Negro Progress in 100 Years Assessed at the White House," February 16, 1963, Pittsburg…
  113. 104. “Biggest Reception Ever,” 89–94.
  114. 105. Berl I. Bernhard to Lee White, memo, June 19, 1962, box 20, folder “Emancipation Proclamation Anniversar…
  115. 106. John F. Kennedy, “Statement of the President,” February 12, 1963, box WH-9, folder “Emancipation Proclam…
  116. 107. John M. Murphy, John F. Kennedy and the Liberal Persuasion (East Lansing: Michigan State University Pres…
  117. 108. John F. Kennedy, “June 11, 1963: Address on Civil Rights,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, https:…
  118. 109. Jackie Robinson, "Pres. Kennedy Is a Fine Man, but Abraham Lincoln, He Ain't!," Philadelphia Tribune, Ma…
  119. and Jackie Robinson, "Jackie Robinson Says: Kennedy Not Another Lincoln," Chicago Defender, June 9, 1962, 8.
  120. 110. Martin Luther King Jr., “J.F.K’s Executive Order in Housing,” December 13, 1962, 1–2, box 3, folder “JFK…
  121. 111. Martin Luther King Jr., “The Quest for Peace and Justice: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964,” in Nobel Le…
  122. 112. Martin Luther King Jr. to Lyndon B. Johnson, July 16, 1965, box 13, folder 7, Primary Correspondence 195…
  123. 113. As quoted in Aimee Ortiz, “Emmett Till Memorial Has a New Sign. This Time, It’s Bulletproof,” New York T…