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References (162)
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2. Henry Louis Gates, The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism (New York: Oxford U…
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3. Mark Lawrence McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited: Reparations or Separation? (Lanham, MD: Rowman an…
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Michelle Colpean and Rebecca Dingo, "Beyond Drive-by Race Scholarship: The Importance of Engaging Geopolitica…
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11. Houdek, “The Imperative of Race,” 296; and Robin J. DiAngelo, White Fragility: Why It’s So Hard for White…
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17. McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Revisited, 185-87.
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21. See my collaboration with McPhail: David A. Frank and Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Barack Obama's Address to t…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Complicity Theory," in Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, ed. Steven Litttlejohn a…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Complicity: The Theory of Negative Difference," Howard Journal of Communications 3 (1…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Dessentializing Difference: Transformative Visions in Contemporary Black Thought," Ho…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Double Consciousness," in The International Encyclopedia of Intercultural Communicati…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "From Complicity to Coherence: Rereading the Rhetoric of Afrocentricity," Western Jour…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Race and the (Im) Possibility of Dialogue," in Dialogue: Theorizing Difference in Com…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "(Re) Constructing the Color Line: Complicity and Black Conservatism," Communication T…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Review Essay: The Politics of Complicity: Second Thoughts About the Social Constructi…
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Mark Lawrence McPhail and David A. Frank, "Slouching toward Coherence: Rhetoric, Religion, and the Broken Pro…
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21. See my collaboration with McPhail: David A. Frank and Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Barack Obama's Address to t…
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(Re) Signing of (Post) Racial Rhetoric," Rhetoric Society Quarterly 45 (2015): 1-24; Mark Lawrence McPhail, "…
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(Im) Possibility of Dialogue," in Dialogue: Theorizing Difference in Communication Studies, ed. Rob Anderson,…
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(Re) Constructing the Color Line: Complicity and Black Conservatism," Communication Theory 7 (1997): 162-75; …
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22. McPhail, “Complicity Theory.”
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23. McPhail, “Race and the (Im) Possibility of Dialogue,” 238.
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24. Lepore, These Truths, 248.
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25. Chaïm Perelman, The Idea of Justice and the Problem of Argument (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963), 12.
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26. Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, trans. John Wil…
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27. That these powers have improved the human condition, see Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: …
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28. Erwin Chemerinsky, We the People: A Progressive Reading of the Constitution for the Twenty-First Century …
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29. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Case for Reparations,” Atlantic, May 21, 2014, 54-71.
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30. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, MA: Harv…
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31. Ira Berlin, The Long Emancipation: The Demise of Slavery in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni…
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32. Sean Wilentz, No Property in Man: Slavery and Antislavery at the Nation’s Founding (Cambridge, MA: Harvar…
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34. Wilentz, No Property in Man.
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36. Blight, Frederick Douglass, 587.
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37. Blight, Frederick Douglass, 591, 95.
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38. Blight, Frederick Douglass, 544. For a different interpretation of Douglass’s rhetoric, see Kirt Wilson’s…
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39. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric, 21-23.
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40. Henry Louis Gates, Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (New York: P…
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41. Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).
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42. Eric Foner, Battles for Freedom: The Use and Abuse of American History (London, UK: I. B. Tauris, 2017), …
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43. Orville Vernon Burton, Jerald E. Podair, and Jennifer L. Weber, The Struggle for Equality: Essays on Sect…
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44. Eric Foner, “Why Reconstruction Matters,” New York Times, March 28, 2015, sec. SR, 1.
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45. Gates, Stony the Road, 24-25.
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46. Gates, Stony the Road, 43.
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47. Gates, Stony the Road, 40.
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48. Foner, “Why Reconstruction Matters”; and Gates, Stony the Road.
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49. Gates, Stony the Road, 55-56; and Foner, Battles for Freedom, 118.
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50. Gates, Stony the Road, 57.
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51. Martin Luther King, Address at the Conclusion of the Selma to Montgomery March, March 25, 1965, https://k…
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52. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past,” Journal of Amer…
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53. Gates, Stony the Road. The following reports provide empirical, data-based assessments of progress, regre…
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54. Wright, Sharing the Prize, 30.
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55. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New Pres…
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56. Ibram X. Kendi, “Racial Progress Is Real. But So Is Racist Progress,” New York Times, January 22, 2017, s…
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57. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric, 83-84.
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58. Gates, Stony the Road; and Smiley and Fakunle, “From ‘Brute’ to ‘Thug,‘” 350-66.
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59. My colleagues and I highlight the need to join statistics with illustrations in David A. Frank, Paul Slov…
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60. Robin D. Jackson, “Lynching,” in The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, ed. Jay S. Albanes…
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61. Coates, “The Case for Reparations.” I suspect the editors of the Atlantic clipped the photograph, as Dani…
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62. Dave Tell, Remembering Emmett Till (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2019).
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63. Ryan Gabrielson, Ryann Grochowski Jones, and Eric Sagara, “Deadly Force, in Black and White,” ProPublica,…
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64. John Gramlich, “The Gap between the Number of Blacks and Whites in Prison Is Shrinking,” Pew Research Cen…
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65. Rick Loessberg and John Koskinen, “Measuring the Distance: The Legacy of the Kerner Report,” RSF: The Rus…
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66. Coates, “The Case for Reparations”; Laura Sullivan et al., “The Racial Wealth Gap,” New York: Demos, 2015.
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67. Bruce Mitchell and Juan Franco, “Holc ‘Redlining’ Maps: The Persistent Structure of Segregation and Econo…
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68. Coates, “The Case for Reparations.”
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69. Andre M. Perry, Jonathan Rothwell, and David Harshbarger, “The Devaluation of Assets in Black Neighborhoo…
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70. Lillian Comas-Díaz, Gordon Nagayama Hall, and Helen A. Neville, “Racial Trauma: Theory, Research, and Hea…
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71. Mark Lawrence McPhail and David A. Frank, “Racing the Trump Card: Rhetorics of Whiteness and the Politics…
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72. Coates, “The Case for Reparations.”
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73. See Hatch, Race and Reconciliation, 196-200, 333.
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74. Charles W. Mills, “Breaking the Racial Contract,” Dissent 62 (2015): 43-45; and Charles W. Mills, The Rac…
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75. Golden and Rieke, The Rhetoric of Black Americans, 6.
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76. McPhail, “Complicity Theory,” 161.
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77. McPhail, “Complicity: The Theory of Negative Difference,” 33.
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78. Mark Lawrence McPhail, “Passionate Intensity: Louis Farrakhan and the Fallacies of Racial Reasoning,” Qua…
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79. McPhail, “Passionate Intensity,” 426.
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80. George M. Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009), 6.
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81. Frank M. Snowden, Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University P…
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82. Ta-Nehisi Coates, We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy (New York: One World, 2017), 343.
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83. Thomas Chatterton Williams, “How Ta-Nehisi Coates Gives Whiteness Power,” New York Times, October 6, 2017…
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84. Williams, “How Ta-Nehisi Coates Gives Whiteness Power.”
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85. Williams, “How Ta-Nehisi Coates Gives Whiteness Power.”
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86. Quoted in Chris Bodenner, “Between the World and Me Book Club: Your Critical Thoughts,” Atlantic, July 26…
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87. Overton, “We Need Vision and Solutions.”
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88. See McPhail, “From Complicity to Coherence.”
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89. Overton, “We Need Vision and Solutions.”
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90. Charles C. Euchner, Nobody Turn Me Around: A People’s History of the 1963 March on Washington (Boston, MA…
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91. Risen, The Bill of the Century.
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92. William Sullivan, “William Sullivan to A. C. Belmont,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1963.
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93. Quoted in Bruce A. Ackerman, We the People, vol. 3, The Civil Rights Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U…
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94. That he saw white racism as a disease, see King’s final sermon in 1968: Martin Luther King, A Knock at Mi…
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95. See Karuna Mantena, “Showdown for Nonviolence: The Theory and Practice of Nonviolent Politics,” in To Sha…
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96. Ackerman, We the People, 56.
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97. Ackerman, We the People, 56.
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98. Martin Luther King, “I Have a Dream,” http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm.
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99. Ackerman, We the People, 51.
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100. Risen, The Bill of the Century, 51.
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101. William P. Jones, “The Unknown Origins of the March on Washington: Civil Rights Politics and the Black W…
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102. Council of Economic Advisers, “The War on Poverty 50 Years Later: A Progress Report,” Washington D.C.: C…
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103. Council of Economic Advisers, “The War on Poverty 50 Years Later.”
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104. Risen, The Bill of the Century.
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105. Joni Hersch and Jennifer Bennett Shinall, “Fifty Years Later: The Legacy of the Civil Rights Act of 1964…
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106. Hersch and Shinall, “Fifty Years Later,” 450.
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107. Gavin Wright, “The Regional Economic Impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” Boston University Law Revi…
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108. Wright, Sharing the Prize, 97.
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109. Wright, Sharing the Prize, 105.
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110. Wright, Sharing the Prize, 107.
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111. Harris and Curtis, Healing Our Divided Society, 211.
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112. Rucker C. Johnson and Alexander Nazaryan, Children of the Dream: Why School Integration Works (New York:…
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113. R. A. Hahn, B. I. Truman, and D. R. Williams, “Civil Rights as Determinants of Public Health and Racial …
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114. Elizabeth U. Cascio and Ebonya Washington, “Valuing the Vote: The Redistribution of Voting Rights and St…
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115. Andrea Bernini, Giovanni Facchini, and Cecilia Testa, “Race, Representation and Policy: Black Elected Of…
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116. Andrea Bernini, Giovanni Facchini, and Cecilia Testa, “Race, Representation and Policy,” in Quiet Revolu…
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117. Avidit Acharya, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen, Deep Roots (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press…
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118. Randall Kennedy, For Discrimination: Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law (New York: Pantheon, 2013), c…
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119. Conrad Miller, “The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action,” American Economic Journal: Appli…
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120. Miller, “The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action.”
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121. Rachel M. Cohen, “Taking Back the Suburbs: The Fair Housing Act at Fifty,” Dissent 65 (2018): 49.
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122. Wade Henderson, “Forward,” in The Fight for Fair Housing: Causes, Consequences and Future Implications o…
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123. Richard Henry Sander, Yana A. Kucheva, and Jonathan M. Zasloff, Moving toward Integration: The Past and …
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124. Acharya, Blackwell, and Sen, Deep Roots, 75.
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125. McPhail, “A Question of Character,” 398.
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126. Kendi, “Racial Progress Is Real. But So Is Racist Progress.”
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127. Mantena, “Showdown for Nonviolence,” 91.
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128. Larry W. Isaac, “Evidence from US Civil Rights Movement Campaigns,” in Social Movements, Nonviolent Resi…
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129. Omar Wasow, “Do Protest Tactics Matter? Evidence from the 1960s Black Insurgency,” (paper presented at t…
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130. Jason Sokol, There Goes My Everything: White Southerners in the Age of Civil Rights, 1945-1975 (New York…
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131. Mazumder, “The Persistent Effect of U.S. Civil Rights Protests,” 2.
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132. Tessa E. S. Charlesworth and Mahzarin R. Banaji, “Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: I. Long-T…
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133. Matthew Yglesias, “White Liberals Are Embracing Progressive Racial Politics and Transforming America,” V…
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134. Jill Lepore, “A New Americanism: Why a Nation Needs a National Story,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 10, …
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135. Larry Buchanan, Quoctrung Bui, and Jugal K. Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.…
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136. Buchanan, Bui, and Patel, “Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History.”
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137. Lara Putnam, Erica Chenoweth, and Jeremy Pressman, "Analysis: The Floyd Protests are the Broadest in U.S…
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Fabiola Cineas, "The Legacy of Black Lives Matter." Vox, July 6, 2020, https://www.vox.com/2020/7/6/21311171/…
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138. Amy Harmon and Sabrina Tavernise, “One Big Difference About George Floyd Protests: Many White Faces,” Ne…
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139. Kim Parker, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, and Monica Anderson, “Majorities Across Racial, Ethnic Groups Expr…
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140. David Remnick, “After George Floyd and Juneteenth,” New Yorker, June 20, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com…
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141. Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist (New York: One World, 2019).
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142. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 44.