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References (133) · 6 in this index
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1. Azie Dungey, “Ask a Slave and Get a Real Answer,” Here and Now, National Public Radio, September 6, 2013, …
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2. Amy M. Tyson and Azie Mira Dungey, “‘Ask a Slave’ and Interpreting Race on Public History’s Front Line: In…
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3. Researchers toured 122 Southern plantations and observed that 55 percent of them made no mention of slaver…
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4. The Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association opened Washington’s home to the general public in 1860, and more than…
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5. Edmund S. Morgan, “Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox,” Journal of American History 59 (1972): 5–29.
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6. Christine N. Buzinde and Carla Almeida Santos note a growing awareness among the general public regarding …
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Rhetoric & Public Affairs
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Rhetoric & Public Affairs
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Rhetoric & Public Affairs
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Rhetoric & Public Affairs
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8. Shawn J. Parry-Giles and Trevor Parry-Giles, “Collective Memory, Political Nostalgia, and the Rhetorical P…
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9. In situ is Latin for “in the original place.” See Angus Stevenson, Judy Pearsall, and Patrick Hanks, eds.,…
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10. Lester C. Olson, “Pictorial Representations of British America Resisting Rape: Rhetorical Re-Circulation …
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11. Public memories shape and reflect a group’s “culture of remembrance,” or commemorative norms that guide h…
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12. Barry Schwartz, "The Social Context of Commemoration: A Study in Collective Memory," Social Forces 61 (19…
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Rhetoric Society Quarterly
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Geoff Eley, "The Past Under Erasure? History, Memory, and the Contemporary," Journal of Contemporary History …
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and Paul A. Shackel, "Public Memory and the Search for Power in American Historical Archaeology," American An…
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13. Definition based on Carole Blair, Greg Dickinson, and Brian L. Ott’s note that memories are crafted “in c…
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14. Bradford Vivian, Being Made Strange: Rhetoric Beyond Representation (Albany: SUNY Press, 2004), 153.
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15. Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen conducted a survey showing that Americans feel most connected to the past…
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16. James E. Young, “The Veneration of Ruins,” Yale Journal of Criticism 6 (1993): 276.
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17. Matthew Reeves, "A Community of Households: Early 19th-Century Enslaved Landscapes at James Madison's Mon…
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Diana C. Crader, "Slave Diet at Monticello," American Antiquity 55 (1990): 690-717
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Dennis J. Pogue, "The Domestic Architecture of Slavery at George Washington's Mount Vernon," Winterthur Portf…
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Patricia Samford, "The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture," William and Mary Quarte…
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and Jerome S. Handler and Frederick W. Lange, "On Interpreting Slave Status from Archaeological Remains," Afr…
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18. Theresa A. Singleton, “The Archaeology of Slave Life,” in Images of the Recent Past: Readings in Historic…
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19. Steven Hoelscher, “The White-Pillared Past: Landscapes of Memory and Race in the American South,” in Land…
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20. Eichstedt and Small, Representations of Slavery, 108.
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21. Eichstedt and Small, Representations of Slavery, 81.
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22. Derek H. Alderman and Rachel M. Campbell, “Symbolic Excavation and the Artifact Politics of Remembering S…
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23. As Blair, Dickinson, and Ott argue, historic sites are often able to position themselves as “the sites of…
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24. Buzinde and Santos, “Interpreting Slavery Tourism,” 441.
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25. Gordon S. Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006…
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26. Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York: Philosophical Library, 1947), 52–53.
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27. William Livingston, “Of Patriotism,” in The Independent Reflector Or, Weekly Essays on Sundry Important S…
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28. Peter Kolchin, American Slavery: 1619–1877 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003), 59.
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29. For example, William Harper, a state senator from South Carolina, asserted that U.S. slavery was a means …
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30. John C. Calhoun, “On the Reception of Abolition Petitions,” February 6, 1837, Reports and Public Letters …
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31. In fact, Dew argued that slaveholding allowed men to “acquire a more exalted benevolence, a greater gener…
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32. David Zarefsky, Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (Chicago, IL: University …
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33. An editorial published in an 1840 issue of the Colored American asserted that black Americans “should ent…
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34. For example, in his 1852 speech, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?” Douglass speaks to his mostly…
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35. Henry Highland Garnet, “An Address to the Slaves of the United States,” in A Memorial Discourse (Philadel…
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36. Stephen J. Hartnett, Democratic Dissent and the Cultural Fictions of Antebellum America (Urbana: Universi…
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37. Kolchin, American Slavery, 120–25.
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38. Saidiya V. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America(…
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39. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (Chapel H…
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40. For example, William Harper told his audience at the Society for the Advancement of Learning of South Car…
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41. Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, ed. Lydia Maria Child (Boston, 1861), 45.
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42. Fritz Hirschfeld, George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal (Columbia: University of Missour…
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43. “Life on the Monticello Plantation,” Slavery at Jefferson’s Monticello: Paradox of Liberty, https://www.m…
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44. Eric Foner, Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of America’s Fugitive Slaves (New York: W.W. Norton, 2…
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45. Lucia C. Stanton, “Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello (Charlotte…
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46. Kolchin, American Slavery, 133.
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47. John Rhodehamel, The Great Experiment: George Washington and the American Republic (New Haven, CT: Yale U…
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48. Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington: Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and …
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49. Washington’s will was viewed as so radical in his desire for the eventual emancipation of his slaves that…
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50. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 1, no. 5, 569.
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51. St. Louis Jefferson Club Association, The Pilgrimage to Monticello: The Home and Tomb of Thomas Jefferson…
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52. Thomas Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia,” The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History, and Di…
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53. Thomas Jefferson to Clement Caine, September 16, 1811. in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: 1807–1815, ed…
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54. Samuel Eagle Forman, ed., The Life and Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Indianapolis, IN: Bowen-Merrill Comp…
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55. Jefferson’s inaugural address also exemplified his commitment to republican virtues and “strength of char…
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56. “African Americans,” Montpelier Research and Collections, 2019, http://www.montpelier.org/research-and-co…
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57. James Madison, State of the Union, December 5, 1810, http://archive.org/stream/stateoftheuniona05013gut/s…
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58. Ralph Ketcham, ed., Selected Writings of James Madison (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 2006), 315.
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59. Mason Locke Weems, The Life of George Washington: With Curious Anecdotes, Equally Honorable to Himself, a…
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60. In 1826, Congressman William Johnson commended Jefferson for his “moral greatness” and remembered him as …
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61. Aaron Bancroft, An Essay on the Life of George Washington, Commander in Chief of the American Army, throu…
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62. Brackenridge, “Eulogy on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson,” 171.
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63. Gaillard Hunt, The Life of James Madison (New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1902), 76.
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64. 64. Brackenridge, “Eulogy on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson,” 177.
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65. The Hon. William Rives, “Prefatory Note,” in The Papers of James Madison (Mobile, AL: Allston Mygatt, 184…
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66. “Mission Statement,” Monticello, 2019, http://www.monticello.org/site/about/mission-statement.
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67. “Our Mission,” Mount Vernon, 2019, http://www.mountvernon.org/about/our-mission.
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68. “The Montpelier Foundation Board of Directors,” James Madison’s Montpelier, 2019, http://www.david rubens…
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69. “Field Slave Quarters Excavation Begins,” James Madison’s Montpelier, 2019, http://www.montpelier.org/blo…
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70. Buzinde and Santos note that “the authority and meaning of heritage sites” is dependent on visitors’ own …
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71. Cornelius Holtorf, Archaeology Is a Brand! The Meaning of Archaeology in Contemporary Popular Culture (Ox…
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72. Roslynn D. Haynes, From Faust to Strangelove: Representations of the Scientist in Western Literature (Bal…
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73. Mount Vernon Docent, “Slave Life Tour” (Mount Vernon, VA, September 28, 2014).
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74. Tourists visit historic sites with the expectation that they will be able to depart from their everyday l…
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75. Edward S. Casey, Remembering: A Phenomenological Study (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009), 178.
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76. One study recently documented ways that tour guides on plantations provide more emotionally evocative acc…
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77. In the Rosenzweig and Thelen study, they found that when tourists encountered historic objects and sites,…
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78. George Washington was frequently depicted in art as both the nation’s Moses and its Christ. For examples,…
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79. For example, Thomas Jefferson viewed his decision to maintain his slaves as evidence of his concern “for …
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80. Thomas Jefferson to Clement Caine, September 16, 1811.
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81. Gordon S. Wood notes that eighteenth-century definitions of character referred to “the outer life, the pu…
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82. Wayne Martin Mellinger, “Representing Blackness in the White Imagination: Images of’Happy Darkeys’ in Pop…
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83. For more information, see “Paul Jennings,” Montpelier Research and Collections, 2019, http://www.montpeli…
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84. Jonathan Mitchell Sewall, Eulogy on the Late General Washington; Pronounced at St. John’s Church in Ports…
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85. Bancroft, The Life of George Washington, 529.
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86. Thomas Thacher, An Eulogy on George Washington, First President of the United States, and Late Commander …
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87. Barbie Zelizer, “Reading the Past against the Grain: The Shape of Memory Studies,” Critical Studies in Ma…
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88. An account of Madison’s decision to sell Billey into servitude is described in a letter to his father. Ja…
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89. Michael Lee Lanning, African Americans in the Revolutionary War (New York: Kensington Publishing Corporat…
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90. Henry Wiencek, An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America (New York: Fa…
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91. “Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account,” Monticello: Plantation and Slavery, 2019, http://w…
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92. A study by John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger suggests that “the great majority of [slaves] struggl…
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93. Many early biographers and eulogists praised Washington for his disinterest in leaving agricultural pursu…
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and David Ramsay, The Life of George Washington (Baltimore, MD: Joseph Cushing, 1814), 223.
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94. Brackenridge, “Eulogy on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson,” 172.
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Advances in the History of Rhetoric
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96. Allison M. Prasch, “Toward a Rhetorical Theory of Deixis,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 102 (2016): 171–72.
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97. Detailed information about the numerous white men and women indentured by Washington can be found here: P…
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98. William Johnson, “Eulogy, Pronounced at Charleston, South Carolina, August 3, 1826,” in A Selection of Eu…
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99. Hunt, The Life of James Madison, 76.
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100. “James Madison, Letter to General La Fayette, February 1, 1830,” in Letters and Other Writings of James …
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101. “Thomas Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Demeunier, Paris, June 22, 1786,” in Thomas Jefferson: A Chronology of…
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102. Jean M. Yarbrough, American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People (Lawrence: Unive…
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103. Hunt, The Life of James Madison, 76.
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104. Castronovo, Fathering the Nation: American Genealogies of Slavery and Freedom, 31. In E. M. Hudson’s 186…
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105. Rationalizing his decision to chronicle Washington’s home life, Weems wrote: “It is not then in the glar…
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106. In 1902, Hunt wrote that of the founders’ “higher qualities slavery did much to develop. It habituated t…
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107. As Timothy Bigelow noted: “Highly honorable would it be to our fellow-citizens in the South, if this mag…
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108. For a more in-depth overview of how Mount Vernon’s enslaved community was divided between the Washington…
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109. “Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included wi…
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110. Tyson and Dungey, “‘Ask a Slave’ and Interpreting Race on Public History’s Front Line,” 49.
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111. “Ask a Slave and Get a Real Answer.”
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112. Allison Landsberg, Prosthetic Memory: The Transformation of American Remembrance in the Age of Mass Cult…
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113. William Palmer, “How Ideology Works: Historians and the Case of British Abolitionism,” Historical Journa…
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114. Morgan, “Slavery and Freedom: The American Paradox,” 5–6.
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115. Danielle Allen, Our Declaration: A Reading of the Declaration of Independence in Defense of Equality (Ne…
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116. Colonists and early Americans often highlighted their moral superiority to the British people as a means…
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117. Parry-Giles and Parry-Giles, “Collective Memory, Political Nostalgia, and the Rhetorical Presidency,” 417-37.
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118. John Bodnar draws a helpful (though blurry) distinction between official and vernacular memories: “Publi…
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119. Martell Teasley and David Ikard, “Barack Obama and the Politics of Race: The Myth of Postracism in Ameri…
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120. “Full Text: President Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech,” ABC News, January 20, 2017, http://abcnews.go…
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121. Researchers toured 122 Southern plantations and observed that 55 percent of them made no mention of slav…
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122. Buzinde and Santos, “Interpreting Slavery Tourism,” 440.