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References (139)
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1. Babette M. Levy, Cotton Mather (Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers, 1979), 20
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see also Cotton Mather, The Diary of Cotton Mather (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957), 448-54.
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2. Mather, Diary, 473.
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3. Jason Gilmore, “Translating American Exceptionalism: Comparing Presidential Discourse About the United Sta…
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4. See Richard L. Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765 (…
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and Allan C. Carlson, Family Cycles: Strength, Decline, and Renewal in American Domestic Life, 1630-2000 (New…
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5. Such dissenters as Baptists, Anglicans, and Quakers were free to worship as they pleased with the new reli…
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6. Francis J. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards (Hanover, N.H.: Un…
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7. Perry Miller originally designated this phrase from Samuel Danforth's 1670 sermon "A Brief Recognition of …
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and Arne Delfs, "Anxieties of Influence: Perry Miller and Sacvan Bercovitch," New England Quarterly 70 (1997)…
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8. Stout, The New England Soul, 149.
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9. That we have record of. However, there are several reasons to doubt that a large corpus of Puritan sermons…
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10. Amir Hussain, Muslims and the Making of America (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2016), 1.
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11. This essay complements existing communication scholarship on the rhetorical uses of Islam in political di…
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Michael J. Lee, "Us, Them, and the War on Terror: Reassessing George W. Bush's Rhetorical Legacy," Communicat…
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Khalid Sultan, "Linking Islam with Terrorism: A Review of the Media Framing since 9/11," Global Media Journal…
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Jonathan J. Edwards, "Figuring Radicalization: Congressional Narratives of Homeland Security and American Mus…
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Aziz Douai and Sharon Lauricella, "The 'Terrorism' Frame in 'Neo-Orientalism': Western News and the Sunni-Shi…
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Melina Trevino, Ali M. Kanso, and Richard Alan Nelson, "Islam through Editorial Lenses: How American Elite Ne…
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Kimberly A. Powell, "Framing Islam: An Analysis of U.S. Media Coverage of Terrorism since 9/11," Communicatio…
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Ibrahim Seaga Shaw, "Stereotypical Representations of Muslims and Islam Following the 7/7 London Terror Attac…
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Laya Matindoost, "Media Representation of Muslim Youth in Australia," Media Development 62 (2015): 33-36
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Mark Featherstone, Siobhan Holohan, and Elizabeth Poole, "Discourses of the War on Terror: Constructions of t…
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Henri C. Nickels, Lyn Thomas, Mary J. Hickman, and Sara Silvestri, "Constructing 'Suspect' Communities and Br…
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and Rane Halim and Abdi Hersi, "Meanings of Integration in the Australian Press Coverage of Muslims: Implicat…
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12. I use constitute here as Maurice Charland used the term—as the rhetorical means by which “those in Athens…
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13. Emory Elliott, Power and the Pulpit in Puritan New England (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, …
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14. Andreea Mingiuc, “Key Concepts of Puritanism and the Shaping of the American Cultural Identity,” Philolog…
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15. John Winthrop, “A Model of Christian Charity,” 1630. Taken from Hanover Historical Texts Collection, http…
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16. Stephen Howard Browne, “Errand into Mercy: Rhetoric, Identity, and Community in John Winthrop’s ‘Modell o…
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17. Katrine Dalsgård, “The One All-Black Town Worth the Pain: (African) American Exceptionalism, Historical N…
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18. Eugene E. White, Puritan Rhetoric: The Issue of Emotion in Religion (Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univer…
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19. See Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, The Practice of Piety: Puritan Devotional Disciplines in Seventeenth-Centu…
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20. In fact, Stout, writing in 1986, argued that the New England sermon’s “topical range and social influence…
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21. Nathaniel Eells, The Ministers of Gods Word (Boston, MA, 1725), 8–16. Also quoted by Stout, New England S…
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22. After all, the original colonists did migrate for the explicit purpose of building a new society free fro…
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23. Robert G. Pope, The Half-Way Covenant: Church Membership in Puritan New England (Princeton, N.J.: Princet…
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24. Increase Mather, The Latter Sign (Boston, MA, 1682), 26.
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25. Benjamin Wadsworth, King William Lamented in America (Boston, MA: Green and Allen, 1702), 9.
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26. Benjamin Colman, Faith Victorious (Boston, MA: Green and Allen, 1702), 35–36.
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27. Cotton Mather, American Tears upon the Ruines of the Greek Churches, in Europe and Asia (Boston, MA: Gree…
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28. Thomas Shepard, Wine for Gospel Wantons (Cambridge, MA, 1668), 9.
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29. Walter Cradock, Mount Sion, or, The Priviledge and Practice of the Saints Opened and Applied (Cambridge, …
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30. Ann Kibbey, The Interpretation of Material Shapes in Puritanism: A Study of Rhetoric, Prejudice, and Viol…
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31. A few depictions were more neutral, however. One account published in 1700 valorized the faith of a Purit…
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32. Cotton Mather, Work upon the Ark (Boston, MA: Samuel Green, 1689), 52.
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33. As William Henry Erklauer Jr. shows, this kind of analogical reasoning was central to many pastors’ conce…
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34. John Davenport, Another Essay (Cambridge, MA: Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, 1663), 8.
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35. Samuel Nowell, Abraham in Arms (Boston, MA: John Foster, 1678), 13.
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36. Cotton Mather, The Wonderful Works of God (Boston, MA: Samuel Green, 1690), 39.
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37. Roger Williams, G. Fox Digg’d Out of His Burrowes, or, An Offer of Disputation (Boston, MA: John Foster, …
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38. Increase Mather, Two Plain and Practical Discourses Concerning Hardness of Heart. Shewing, That some, who…
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39. Cotton Mather, Decennium Luctuosum (Boston, MA: Allen, 1698), 28.
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40. Cotton Mather, A Letter Concerning (Boston, MA, 1701).
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41. Increase Mather, The Divine Right of Infant-Baptisme Asserted and Proved from Scripture and Antiquity (Bo…
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42. Increase Mather, The Duty of Parents to Pray for their Children (Boston, MA: Green and Allen, 1703), 24–25.
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43. Sylvia Söderlind, "Introduction: The Shining of America," in American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to W…
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From its First Planting, in the Year 1620, Unto the Year of our Lord 1698 (Hartford, CT: Silas Andrus and Son…
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44. See Everett H. Emerson, "John Udall and the Puritan Sermon," Quarterly Journal of Speech 44 (1958): 282-84
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and Howard H. Martin, "Puritan Preachers on Preaching: Notes on American Colonial Rhetoric," Quarterly Journa…
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45. See Walter Lazenby, "Exhortation as Exorcism: Cotton Mather's Sermons to Murderers," Quarterly Journal of…
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Eugene E. White, "Cotton Mather's Manductio ad Ministerium," Quarterly Journal of Speech 49 (1963): 309
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Ronald F. Reid. "Puritan Rhetoric and America's Civil Religion: A Study of Three Special Occasion Sermons," i…
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46. I will be using the text of Mather’s sermon made available from the University of Michigan’s Evans Early …
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47. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 26.
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48. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 24–30.
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49. Theon E. Hill, “(Re)Articulating Difference: Constitutive Rhetoric, Christian Identity, and Discourses of…
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50. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 30.
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51. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 1. As Perry Miller put it, “The Matherian party, to be sure, did not aband…
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52. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 7.
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53. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 7–8.
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54. Richard Ruland and Malcolm Bradbury, From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature (…
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55. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 17.
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56. Mather, Diary, 473. As Perry Miller put it, “But in Puritanism there was also another side, an ideal of s…
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57. Jason Gilmore and Charles M. Rowling, “The United States in Decline? Assessing the Impact of Internationa…
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58. Michael P. Winship, Godly Republicanism: Puritans, Pilgrims, and a City on a Hill (Cambridge, MA: Harvard…
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59. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 30–31.
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60. John Cotton, “Swine and Goats,” quoted by Richard J. Ellis in American Political Cultures (New York: Oxfo…
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61. See Robert L. Ivie, "Fighting Terror by Rite of Redemption and Reconciliation," Rhetoric & Public Affairs…
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Jeremy Engels, Enemyship: Democracy and Counter-Revolution in the Early Republic (East Lansing: Michigan Stat…
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Jason C. Flanagan, "Woodrow Wilson's 'Rhetorical Restructuring': The Transformation of the American Self and …
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and Kenneth Burke, "The Rhetoric of Hitler's 'Battle'," in The Philosophy of Literary Form: Studies in Symbol…
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62. Garnet C. Butchart, “The Exceptional Community: On Strangers, Foreigners, and Communication,” Communicati…
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63. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 32.
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64. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 45.
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65. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 31.
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66. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 32–33.
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67. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast,…
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68. Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom, 34.
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69. Paul Michel Baepler, “The Barbary Captivity Narrative in American Culture,” Early American Literature 39 …
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70. Paul Michel Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives…
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71. Michael Guasco, Slaves and Englishmen: Human Bondage in the Early Modern Atlantic World (Philadelphia: Un…
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72. Mather, Diary, 321.
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73. Cotton Mather, A pastoral letter to the English captives in Africa. From New-England (Boston, MA: Green a…
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74. Cotton Mather, A pastoral letter, 9–10.
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75. For a discussion of this rhetorical maneuver, see Leff and Utley’s description of the “double synecdoche”…
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76. Mather, A pastoral letter, 14.
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77. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 39–41.
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78. In his letter Things for a distress’d People to think upon, Mather describes the Catholic Church as “the …
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79. See White, Puritan Rhetoric, 29–33.
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80. Michael P. Winship, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641 (P…
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81. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 298.
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82. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 44.
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83. Robert L. Ivie, “Images of Savagery in American Justifications for War,” Communication Monographs 47 (198…
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84. Aaron Kuecker, The Spirit and the “Other”: Social Identity, Ethnicity and Intergroup Reconciliation in Lu…
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85. Jeff Motter, “American Exceptionalism and the Rhetoric of Humanitarian Militarism: The Case of the 2004 I…
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86. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 45.
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87. See Clissold, The Barbary Slaves, 130; Guasco, Slaves and Englishmen, 145; Colley, “Britain and Islam, 16…
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88. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 38.
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89. Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters, 14.
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90. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 50.
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91. Denise M. Bostdorff, “George W. Bush’s Post-September 11 Rhetoric of Covenant Renewal: Upholding the Fait…
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92. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 49.
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93. Bostdorff, “George W. Bush’s Post-September 11 Rhetoric,” 296.
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94. Gary L. Ebersole, Captured by Texts: Puritan to Postmodern Images of Indian Captivity (Charlottesville: U…
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95. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 34.
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96. Mather, The Glory of Goodness, 39.
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97. David Spurr, The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Admin…
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98. This argument anticipated the traditional rationales for Western imperialism, especially with regard to s…
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99. Francis Fukuyama discusses the challenges facing a “deterritorialized” Islam in the twenty-first century …
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100. Of course, Mather’s resolution is imperfect, because the captives ultimately required a return to New En…
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101. Abram Van Engen, Sympathetic Puritans (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 3.
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102. Romans 12:15, English Standard Version.
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103. Van Engen, Sympathetic Puritans, 4.
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104. Jon Pahl, Empire of Sacrifice: The Religious Origins of American Violence (New York: New York University…
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105. Richard A. Bailey, Race and Redemption in Puritan New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 116.
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106. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 7.
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107. Edward W. Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), 53.
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108. Sylviane A. Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas, 15th anniversary ed. (Ne…
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109. “Islam in America,” Public Broadcasting Service, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/…
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110. Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Not Quite American? The Shaping of Arab and Muslim Identity in the United States …
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111. “Blackamoor” is a derogatory term referring to dark-skinned North Africans and is comparable to the wors…
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112. It was the first American colony to do so. Lorenzo Greene, The Negro in Colonial New England 1620–1776 (…
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113. Peter Mackinlay, “The New England Puritan Attitude toward Black Slavery,” Old-Time New England 63 (1973): 83.
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114. Quoted in Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters, 8. For context on the political exchange surrounding t…
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115. Quoted in Baepler, White Slaves, African Masters, 30. For a brief overview on John Jay’s attitudes towar…
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116. Samuel Sewall, The Selling of Joseph: A Memorial (1700), 3.
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117. It is worth noting that Mather departed from the views espoused by many of his contemporaries like Isaac…
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118. Jared Hickman, “The Theology of Democracy,” New England Quarterly 81 (2008): 177.