This article seeks to formulate translator profiles based on process data from keylogging and eye-tracking, while at the same time identifying features which are shared by all translators in a sample consisting of both students and professionals. Data have been collected from 12 professional translators and 12 graduate students translating three texts of varying complexity. We found that individual behavioural characteristics with respect to initial orientation in the source text (ST), online ST reading, and online and end revision remained relatively constant across texts of varying complexity, supporting our hypothesis that translator profiles can be observed which are independent of the difficulty of the translation task. The analysis of the data also indicated that translators could be grouped into broad categories of locally-oriented and globally-oriented translation styles, which are partly, though not entirely, comparable to styles known from writing research. We also identified shared features with respect to reading and revision behaviour during drafting. Common to all translators was that they looked beyond the source text word they were about to translate, and that they made revisions while drafting the translation.

Abstract Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704) is today regarded as the most important French preacher of the Ancien Régime; yet, this was not always the case. In fact, before the nineteenth century, Bossuet's reputation was no greater than that of his contemporary counterparts, especially Louis Bourdaloue (1632–1704) and Jean-Baptiste Massillon (1662–1742). What happened to cause Bossuet's rise to rhetorical preeminence in post-revolutionary France? A survey of how French literary historians of the past three centuries have received Bossuet's oratorical works suggests an answer, as well as exposes the rhetorical dimensions of appropriation itself.

This book bridges an important gap between two major approaches to mass communication -- historical and social scientific. To do so, it employs a theory of communication that unifies social, cultural and technological concerns into a systematic and formal framework that is then used to examine the impact of print within the larger socio-cultural context and across multiple historical contexts. The authors integrate historical studies and more abstract formal representations, achieving a set of logically coherent and well-delimited hypotheses that invite further exploration, both historically and experimentally. A second gap that the book addresses is in the area of formal models of communication and diffusion. Such models typically assume a homogeneous population and a communication whose message is abstracted from the complexities of language processing. In contrast, the model presented in this book treats the population as heterogeneous and communications as potentially variable in their content as they move across speakers or readers. Written to address and overcome many of the disciplinary divisions that have prevented the study of print from being approached from the perspective of a unified theory, this book employs a focused interdisciplinary position that encompasses several domains. It shows the underlying compatibility between cognitive and social theory; between the study of language and cognition and the study of technology; between the postmodern interest in the instability of meaning and the social science interest in the diffusion of information; between the effects of technology and issues of cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity. Overall, this book reveals how small, relatively non-interactive, disciplinary-specific conversations about print are usefully conceived of as part of a larger interdisciplinary inquiry.

This article reports an investigation of the technical and economic aspects of the multiple use of bibliographic data and abstracts of articles in machine readable format. Various techniques such as OCR, word processing, and photocomposition are available for data acquisition and transmission. There is also sufficient economic justification to encourage sharing of such data among publishers. But questions of cost sharing, standards copyright, and procedural adjustments in management and accounting are powerful deterrents to the multiple use of publication data both within an organization and among different publishing concerns. The advantages of sharing bibliographic data can be achieved only if publishing concerns in both the public and private sectors are willing to cooperate and adjust.

Two-hundred and seventy house journals considered research, development, or production aids to the engineer or scientist and published in the US, UK, and France are analyzed. Publication frequencies are given with quarterly being most common. Distribution patterns to customers, employees, educators, and librarians are described. These patterns vary, but customers receive the highest distribution. Journal content is examined in terms of signed and anonymous articles. Features such as abstracts, meeting notices, editorials, and advertisements are mentioned. Two features of particular interest are (1) comprehensive lists of articles and speeches of technical staff, and (2) reprinting of material already published in professional journals. The subject matter of individual journals is usually highly specialized.