Argumentation Mar 2026 Open Access

Is a Contradiction Between Arguments Less Likely to be Noticed When They are Implicit? An Experimental Case Study

Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri Roma Tre University

Abstract

The paper investigates whether contradictory arguments are less likely to be noticed when they are expressed implicitly rather than explicitly. It builds on the fact that—in natural language productions—contradictions are often not logical but rather—lato sensu—pragmatic in nature. The study presents an experiment using ecological and slightly modified material. In a Facebook post, Italian journalist Selvaggia Lucarelli conveyed two contradictory arguments through implicatures, presuppositions and vague expressions. This text was presented to experimental subjects: half read the original version, while the other half read a version in which the implicit content had been made explicit. Their responses to specific questions indicate that the contradiction is more easily noticed when it occurs between explicit assertions rather than between arguments that must be at least partially inferred. A strong effect is observed in relation to age and education differences among the groups. These results may provide experimental insight into the conditions under which argumentation flawed by contradictions may still achieve its intended effect, as if the contradiction were not present.

Journal
Argumentation
Published
2026-03-01
DOI
10.1007/s10503-025-09686-9
CompPile
Open Access
OA PDF Hybrid
Topics
argument qualitative research social media
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