Abstract

This essay examines how US Christian nationalists have come to rely on the motto “In God We Trust” as a piece of theistnormative legislation that they believe legitimizes their understanding of the United States as a Christian nation. Through an analysis of archival documents and congressional hearings, I demonstrate how Christian nationalists played a key role in the establishment of “In God We Trust” on coins and as the national motto that has allowed contemporary Christian nationalists to point to the motto as “proof” that the United States is a Christian nation. This project challenges the taken-for-granted historical narrative that the motto “In God We Trust” is a secular celebration of US religious heritage through demonstrating how the motto, from its beginning, has functioned to promote and mask Christian nationalism, often at the expense of marginalized groups.

Journal
Rhetoric Society Quarterly
Published
2022-10-20
DOI
10.1080/02773945.2022.2062435
CompPile
Search in CompPile ↗
Open Access
Closed
Export

Citation Context

Cited by in this index (0)

No articles in this index cite this work.

References (73) · 1 in this index

  1. Thy Kingdom Come: How the Religious Right Distorts the Faith and Threatens America
  2. Dædalus
  3. 10.1163/9789087906788
  4. 10.1353/cwh.1979.0032
  5. The Ashgate Research Companion to Feminist Legal Theory
Show all 73 →
  1. Readings on the Rhetoric of Social Protest
  2. Camp, Ken. “Christian Nationalism Clearly Evident in Capitol Riot.”Baptist Standard, 21 January 2021, https:/…
  3. Chancey, Mark A. “Project Blitz’s Bible Literacy Act and the 2019 Bible Course Bills.”The Bible and Interpret…
  4. Christerson, Brad. “How Self-Proclaimed ‘Prophets’ from a Growing Christian Movement Provided Religious Motiv…
  5. Sojourners
  6. The Complete Bill of Rights: The Drafts, Debates, Sources, and Origins
  7. 10.2307/3710057
  8. Journal of Church and State
  9. 10.2307/3312376
  10. Edsall, Thomas B. “‘The Capitol Insurrection Was as Christian Nationalist as It Gets.’”New York Times, 28 Jan…
  11. Explicitly Christian Politics: The Vision of the National Reform Association
  12. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01736.x
  13. The Evangelicals: The Struggle to Shape America
  14. “Full Satanic prayer vote phoenix city council (FNN).”NewsNOW from FOX, YouTube, 3 February 2016, www.youtube…
  15. 10.7208/chicago/9780226663999.001.0001
  16. Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism
  17. Goodstein, Laurie. “In Seven States, Atheists Push to End Largely Forgotten Ban.”New York Times, 6 December 2…
  18. Gorski, Philip. “White Christian Nationalism: The Deep Story Behind the Capitol Insurrection.” Georgetown U B…
  19. The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists
  20. Something within: Religion in African-American Political Activism
  21. 10.5840/jcr20184114
    The Journal of Communication and Religion  
  22. “Hearings before the Committee on Banking and Currency: H.R. 619 House of Representatives,”National archives,…
  23. The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America’s Religious Battle against Communism in the Ear…
  24. “History of ‘In God We Trust,’”U.S.Treasury, https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.a…
  25. Myths America Lives by: White Supremacy and the Stories That Give Us Meaning
  26. “‘In God We Trust’ motto to appear in every Louisiana public school this fall,”WAFB9, 11 Aug. 2019, https://w…
  27. Jeffrey, Terence P. “Why Does Obama Tell Muslims America Is Nation of ‘Non-believers?’”CNSnews, August 25, 20…
  28. Joshi, Khyayi Y.White Christian Privilege: The Illusion of Religious Equality in America. New York UP, 2020.
  29. The Oath, a Divine Ordinance, and an Element of the Social Constitution
  30. 10.1080/00335630.2012.749418
  31. “Lea Carawan—Co-Founder and Executive Director, Congressional Prayer Caucus Foundation.”The Trey Blocker Show…
  32. Lee, Kristina M.Constituting the Un-American Atheist: Eisenhower’s Theistnormativity and the Negation of Amer…
  33. Rhetoric & Public Affairs
  34. Lee, Kristina M. “Why It Matters That 7 States Still Have Bans on Atheists Holding Office.”The Conversation, …
  35. “Letter from Jefferson to James Smith, 8 December 1822,”Founders online, https://founders.archives.gov/docume…
  36. “Letter from M. M. Carette to James O. Eastland”National Archives, Box 417: RG 46 Records of the U.S. Senate …
  37. 10.3726/b17083
  38. The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation
  39. 10.3390/rel10050340
  40. Locke, John. “Letter Concerning Toleration.” 1689.American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and Beyo…
  41. 127th Annual Meeting American Historical Association
  42. Montney, Cal (Photographer). “Demonstrators with Various Anti-Abortion and ‘In God We Trust’ Placards Outside…
  43. NPR
  44. 10.1007/978-3-319-75497-0_8
  45. “National Motto: Report,” 1-2,National Archives, Box 417: RG 46 Records of the U.S. Senate 84th Congress, Com…
  46. State of the Kingdom Address: God’s Wake-up Call to the Sleeping Church
  47. Perry, Samuel. “The Capitol Siege Recalls Past Acts of Christian Nationalist Violence.”The Conversation, 15 J…
  48. Rhetorics of Race and Religion on the Christian Right
  49. 10.1017/CBO9780511606663
  50. Pollock, James.Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, 21 October 1963, http://www.chicagocoinclub.org/lib…
  51. Rand, Brendan. “Louisiana public schools will display ‘In God We Trust’ beginning this school year.”ABC News,…
  52. “Religion: God’s Country.”Time, 4 May 1953, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818392,00.html.
  53. “Report and Analysis on Religious Freedom Measures Impacting Prayer and Faith in America: 2018–19,” Congressi…
  54. 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2003.tb00530.x
  55. 10.2307/j.ctvc779hv
  56. The Myth of American Religious Freedom
  57. The Power Worshippers: Inside the Dangerous Rise of Religious Nationalism
  58. “Testimony of Charles E. Bennett, M.C. before Subcommittee No. 4, Judiciary committee, February 25, 1956.”Nat…
  59. US Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. “The United States of America [Treasury] V the Becket Fund for Re…
  60. US House of Representatives.Putting“In God We Trust”on Our Currency. Hearing. 13 Apr. 1955, Congressional Record.
  61. Restoration of Motto to Coins. Hearing
  62. 10.3798/tia.1937-0237.15008
  63. “Watch Live: Senate committee holds hearing on ballot access, campaign financing and ethics.”PBS NewsHour, Yo…
  64. International Journal of Communication
  65. 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634623.001.0001
  66. Transforming Citizenships: Transgender Articulations of the Law
  67. 10.1093/oso/9780190057886.001.0001
  68. 10.1093/socrel/srx070