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References (115)
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1. Barack Obama, “First Presidential Inaugural Address,” delivered January 20, 2009, Washington, D.C., availa…
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2. New King James Version.
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3. Martin Luther King Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?” in A Testament of Hope: The Essent…
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4. John B. Hatch, “The Hope of Reconciliation: Continuing the Conversation,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 9 (200…
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5. John B. Hatch, "Reconciliation: Building a Bridge from Complicity to Coherence in the Rhetoric of Race Rel…
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Kirt H. Wilson, "Is There an Interest in Reconciliation?" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 7 (2004): 367-77
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Erik Doxtader, "The Potential of Reconciliation's Beginning: A Reply," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 7 (2004): 378-90
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and Mark L. McPhail, "A Question of Character: Re(-) Signing the Racial Contract," Rhetoric & Public Affairs …
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6. McPhail, “A Question of Character,” 398.
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7. Erik Doxtader, “Reconciliation—A Rhetorical Concept/ion,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 89 (2003): 284.
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8. Hatch, “The Hope of Reconciliation,” 271.
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9. For an analysis of (and links to) the aforementioned resolutions, see John B. Hatch, Race and Reconciliati…
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10. Carol E. Lee, “Formal Apology for Slavery Is Unanimous in Legislature,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, March 27…
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11. Apologizing for the Enslavement and Racial Segregation of African Americans, H.R. 194, 110th Cong. (2008)…
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12. See David A. Frank, “The Prophetic Voice and the Face of the Other in Barack Obama’s ‘A More Perfect Unio…
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13. Obama, “First Presidential Inaugural Address.”
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14. “At its core,” I wrote, the rhetoric of reconciliation “is epideictic: it shows forth agents’ actions and…
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15. For example, both Brown University and Georgetown University examined their past connections with slavery…
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16. On the fifth anniversary of the House apology’s passage, its sponsor, Rep. Steve Cohen, reminded his coll…
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17. Shankar Vedantum, The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage War…
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18. Aaron D. Gresson III, America’s Atonement: Racial Pain, Recovery Rhetoric, and the Pedagogy of Healing (N…
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19. Robin DiAngelo, White Fragility (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2018).
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20. Mark L. McPhail and David A. Frank, “Racing the Trump Card: Rhetorics of Whiteness and the Politics of Ad…
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21. See Robert Wuthnow, The Left Behind: Decline and Rage in Rural America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univer…
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22. Richard C. Marback, Managing Vulnerability: South Africa’s Struggle for a Democratic Rhetoric (Columbia: …
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23. John B. Hatch, “Dialogic Rhetoric in Letters Across the Divide: A Dance of(Good) Faith toward Racial Reco…
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24. See Gregory A. Smith and David Masci, “5 Facts about U.S. Evangelical Protestants,” FactTank: News in Num…
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25. For example, the Southern Baptist Convention repudiated the Confederate flag in 2016 and passed a resolut…
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26. Tara Isabella Burton, “White Evangelicals Are the Only Religious Group to Support Trump,” Vox, October 3,…
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27. An example of ideological rigidity among Democrats arguably would be their increasing refusal to compromi…
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28. See Hatch, Race and Reconciliation, 68-79, 100, 109, 116-17, 132-34, 142, 175-80; and Hatch, “Dialogic Rh…
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29. See Kenneth Burke, The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology (Berkeley: University of California Pres…
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30. Burke, Rhetoric of Religion, 4.
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31. Barry Brummett, “Burkean Comedy and Tragedy, Illustrated in Reactions to the Arrest of John DeLorean,” Ce…
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32. Kenneth Burke, “Definition of Man,” in Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Metho…
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33. Burke explains: “The scapegoat is dialectically appealing, since it combines in one figure contrary princ…
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34. Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives, 53.
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35. Kenneth Burke, Attitudes toward History, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 308.
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36. Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 512-14.
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37. Burke, Attitudes toward History, 78.
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38. See Burke, Attitudes toward History, 37-42; Brummett, “Burkean Comedy and Tragedy,” 218-20; Celeste Miche…
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39. Obama announced his candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, “in the shadow of the Old State Capitol, where Li…
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40. Obama, “First Presidential Inaugural Address.”
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41. Barack Obama, “2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address,” delivered July 27, 2004, Washington,…
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42. David A. Frank and Mark Lawrence McPhail, "Barack Obama's Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convent…
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(Im) Possibility of Racial Reconciliation," Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (2005): 571-94.
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43. Robert E. Terrill, “Unity and Duality in Barack Obama’s ‘A More Perfect Union,‘” Quarterly Journal of Spe…
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44. “Compassionate” or “heroic” conservatism is the political philosophy espoused by Washington Post columnis…
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45. Apologizing for the Enslavement and Racial Segregation of African Americans.
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46. Ian Schwartz, “Hume: Obama Sees Things through the Eyes of an Aggrieved Black Activist Rather than of a P…
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47. For McPhail’s explication of rhetoric as coherence, see Mark Lawrence McPhail, The Rhetoric of Racism Rev…
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48. See Mark Lawrence McPhail, “Complicity: The Theory of Negative Difference,” Howard Journal of Communicati…
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49. Wayne Throckmorton, “Eric Metaxas: Hillary Clinton Is 1930s Fascism in Rainbow Colors,” September 25, 201…
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50. McPhail, “Complicity: The Theory of Negative Difference.”
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51. Krishnadev Calamur, “A Short History of ‘America First,‘” Atlantic, January 21, 2017, https://www.theatla…
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52. Hatch, “Dialogic Rhetoric in Letters Across the Divide,” 521.
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53. Hatch, “Dialogic Rhetoric in Letters Across the Divide,” 521.
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54. See Sarah Pulliam Bailey, "White Evangelicals Voted Overwhelmingly for Donald Trump, Exit Polls Show," Wa…
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and Ryan Kohls, "Explained: Evangelicals, the Religious Right and Trump," Al Jazeera, November 6, 2018, https…
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55. In 2017, Jerry Falwell Jr. went so far as to say that evangelicals had “found their dream president.” As …
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56. For instance, in 2018, one of the nation’s leading white evangelical preachers, John MacArthur Jr., spear…
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57. It is also shaped by the fundamentalist filter found in the commentary of the Scofield Bible on which he …
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58. For example, see Daniel M. Bell Jr., “God Does Not Demand Blood: The Cross and Divine Charity,” Christian…
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59. See René Girard, “Mimesis and Violence,” in The Girard Reader, ed. James G. Williams (New York: Crossroad…
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60. See René Girard, “The Bible’s Distinctiveness and the Gospel,” in The Girard Reader, ed. James G. William…
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61. See René Girard, "The Nonsacrificial Death of Christ," in The Girard Reader, ed. James G. Williams (New Y…
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and René Girard, "The Divinity of Christ," in The Girard Reader, ed. James G. Williams (New York: Crossroad, …
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62. Romans 12:1.
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63. Matthew 23:11; Mark 9:33-37; and Luke 22:24-27.
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64. For those evangelicals who would object that they are under serious threat from liberals, one need only c…
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65. See Deborah Jian Lee, “Betrayed at the Polls, Evangelicals of Color at a Crossroads,” Religion Dispatches…
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66. To cite a few prominent examples, Howard Thurman, James Cone, Dwight Hopkins, and other black theologians…
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67. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writing…
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68. Martin Luther King Jr., “Love, Law, and Civil Disobedience,” in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writin…
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69. King, “Love, Law, and Civil Disobedience,” 46-47.
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70. King, “Where Do We Go from Here,” 578.
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71. McPhail, “A Question of Character.”
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72. 1 Corinthians 13:4-6, New International Version.
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73. As the writer of 1 John observes, “There is no fear in love; but perfect love casts out fear.” 1 John 4:1…
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74. Ironically, some leaders in the Religious Right celebrated evangelical support for Donald Trump as eviden…
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75. The article goes on to cite the plight of “immigrant aliens and sojourners” and “deterioration of the ear…
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76. “Who We Are,” Sojourners, 2020, https://sojo.net/about-us.
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77. “Chicago Declaration of Evangelical Social Concern (1973),” Evangelicals for Social Action, November 25, …
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78. “Being Completely Pro-Life,” Evangelicals for Social Action, 2020, https://www.evan-gelicalsforsocialacti…
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79. “Our Story,” Justice Conference, 2018, https://www.thejusticeconference.com/about/.
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80. “About (&),” AND Campaign, 2020, https://andcampaign.org/about-1.
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81. “About,” Simple Way, 2020, http://www.thesimpleway.org/about/. Claiborne was arrested in December 2017 in…
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82. Prominent examples include Bridgeway Community Church in Columbia, Maryland; Mosaic Church in Little Rock…
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83. Curtiss Paul DeYoung et al., United by Faith: The Multiracial Congregation as an Answer to the Problem of…
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84. DeYoung et al., United by Faith, 141.
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85. The story of Perkins’s early ministry and activism is told in John Perkins, Let Justice Roll Down (Ventur…
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86. John M. Perkins, One Blood: Parting Words to the Church on Race (Chicago, IL: Moody, 2018), 16.
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87. Charles Marsh and John M. Perkins, Welcoming Justice: God’s Movement toward Beloved Community, exp. ed. (…
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88. Marsh and Perkins, Welcoming Justice, 23.
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89. Charles Marsh, God’s Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Universit…
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90. Marsh and Perkins, Welcoming Justice, 33-34.
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91. In personal communication with the author as the present forum was taking shape, Wilson wrote: “I contend…
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92. See John M. Perkins, Dream with Me: Race, Love, and the Struggle We Must Win (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2017).
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93. Perkins, Dream with Me, 58.
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94. Obama, “First Presidential Inaugural Address.”
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95. Luke 10:37.
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96. Mark 8:34-37.
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97. For a cogent critique of media narratives of monolithic forgiveness by family members of the slain, as we…
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98. Regarding social media response to Brandon Jean's forgiveness of Amber Guyger as versus his mother's call…
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and Anne Branigin, "Botham Jean, Amber Guyger and the Delusion of Forgiveness," Root, October 3, 2019, https:…
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99. Luke 6:20-26.
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100. See Luke 4:22-29; Matthew 8:5-12; John 8:31-41; John 6:14-15; and Acts 1:6-8.
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101. See Luke 12:13-21, 14:1-14, 18:9-14, 18:18-25, 19:1-10; and Matthew 21:12-13, 21:28-32.
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102. In the biblical Greek, skandalon is the word for “stumbling stone” or “stumbling block.” See Romans 9:30…
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103. Historian David Bebbington famously defined evangelicalism as characterized by the four qualities of Bib…
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104. King, “Where Do We Go from Here,” 578.
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105. Martin Luther King Jr., “The Other America,” address delivered at Stanford University, April 4, 1967, ht…
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106. For example, a Barna poll found that 94 percent of U.S. American pastors agreed that “the church has a r…
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107. See Van Jones, “Welcome to the Great Awakening,” CNN, June 14, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/12/opin…
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108. Jones, “Welcome to the Great Awakening.”