Written Communication Feb 2026 Open Access

Stance in REF Submissions: Authorial Positioning in Impact Narratives

Ken Hyland University of East Anglia ; Feng (Kevin) Jiang Beihang University

Abstract

The Research Excellence Framework (REF) is the U.K. government’s means of allocating funding to universities based on assessments of the research they produce. Conducted every five years, this exercise now includes not only the ‘quality’ of research but also its real-world ‘impact’. This helps determine the £7.16 billion distributed annually to universities and influences the reputations of institutions and academics. Writers are therefore keen to make the most persuasive argument for their work they can in these submissions through the narrative case studies that the submission requires. In this article, we examine all 6,361 case studies from the last exercise in 2021 to explore the rhetorical presentation of impact through an analysis of authorial stance. We found considerable use of self-mention, hedges, and boosters, with the hard science fields containing statistically significantly more markers and applied disciplines being particularly strong users. The study contributes to our understanding of stance in academic writing and the role of rhetorical persuasion in high-stakes assessment genres.

Journal
Written Communication
Published
2026-02-15
DOI
10.1177/07410883251410160
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Topics
rhetorical criticism genre theory argument assessment
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