Abstract

Researchers in literacy studies have been refining the definitions and examples of literacy development over the past four decades that have significantly improved our knowledge about marginalized cultures and their literacy development. This article explores the literacy practices of the medieval Scandinavians through archaeological and textual sources. First, I explore the gaps in literacy research followed by a detailed examination of medieval Nordic literacy practices shown in the runestones, artifacts, and the sagas. The intent of this article is to shed light on a literacy tradition outside of the privileged Latinate Christian tradition during the medieval period.