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6. Woodson, Negro Orators, foreword.
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7. Wilda C. Gafney, Womanish Midrash: A Reintroduction to the Women of the Torah and the Throne (Louisville, …
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8. Joseph Dewey, “Carter G. Woodson,” in Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia (Hackensack, N.J.: Salem Press…
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9. Dewey, “Carter G. Woodson.”
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10. Dewey, “Carter G. Woodson.”
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11. Dewey, “Carter G. Woodson.”
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12. Woodson, Negro Orators, foreword.
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13. W. H. Jernagin, Adah M. Waters, and Lena Trent Gordon, “Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Associat…
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14. Shirley Wilson Logan, Liberating Language: Sites of Rhetorical Education in Nineteenth-Century Black Amer…
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15. “Review, Negro Orators and Their Orations by Carter G. Woodson,” Journal of Negro History 10 (1925): 780.
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16. John Hope Franklin, “The Place of Carter G. Woodson in American Historiography,” Negro History Bulletin 1…
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17. Lyndrey A. Niles, “Negro Orators and Their Orations,” Speech Teacher 19 (1970): 149.
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18. Russell H. Wagner, “Negro Orators and Their Orations (Review),” Quarterly Journal of Speech Education 12,…
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19. Wagner, “Negro Orators and Their Orations (Review).”
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20. Alice Moore Dunbar, Masterpieces of Negro Eloquence: The Best Speeches Delivered by the Negro from the Da…
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21. Alice Moore Dunbar, The Dunbar Speaker and Entertainer (Naperville, IL: J. L. Nichols, 1920).
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22. Anna Julia Cooper, A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South (Xenia, OH: Aldine Printing Hous…
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23. Brittney C. Cooper. Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women (Urbana: University of …
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24. Quoted in Pero Gaglo Dagbovie, “Black Women, Carter G. Woodson, and the Association for the Study of Negr…
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25. Dagbovie, “Black Women,” 21-41.
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26. Kirt Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address: Interpreting Violence During the Reconstruction Era,…
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27. Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address,” 208.
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28. Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address,” 208.
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29. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 7-8.
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30. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 8.
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31. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 1.
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32. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 1-2.
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33. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 2.
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34. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 2-3.
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35. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 4.
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36. Edwin Du Bois Shurter, The Rhetoric of Oratory (New York: Macmillan, 1909), 3.
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37. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 5.
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38. Molefi Kete Asante, “The Classical African Concept of Maat and Human Communication,” in Black/Africana Co…
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39. Asante, “The Classical African Concept,” 16.
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40. Asante, “The Classical African Concept,” 22.
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41. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 5-6.
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42. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 6.
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43. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 6.
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44. For the study of Nommo, see Arthur L. Smith (Molefi Asante), “Markings of an African Concept,” Today’s Sp…
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45. Howard, “Manifestations of Nommo,” 739.
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46. Howard, “Manifestations of Nommo,” 739.
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47. Howard, “Manifestations of Nommo,” 739.
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48. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 10.
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49. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 10.
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50. See J. W. Hood, The Negro in the Christian Pulpit (Raleigh, NC: Edwards, Broughton and Co., 1884)
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L. H. Holsey, Autobiography, Sermons, Addresses, and Essays of Bishop L. H. Holsey (Atlanta, GA: Franklin Pri…
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E. W. Brawley, The Negro Baptist Pulpit (Philadelphia, PA: American Baptist Publication Society, 1890).
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51. William E. Hatcher, John Jasper: The Unmatched Negro Preacher and Philosopher (New York: Flemming H. Reve…
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52. J. M. O'Neill, "Review: The Work of Preaching," Quarterly Journal of Speech Education 4 (1918): 335-36
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H. A. Wichelns, "Review: Art of Preaching," Quarterly Journal of Speech Education 10 (1924): 401-2.
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53. For example, see Norman Matthis, "Robert South," Quarterly Journal of Speech 15 (1929): 537-60
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Lionel Croker, "The Rhetorical Influence of Henry Ward Beecher," Quarterly Journal of Speech 18 (1932): 82-88
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Harold King, "George Whitefield: Dramatic Evangelist," Quarterly Journal of Speech 19 (1933): 165-76
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Lionel Crocker, "Charles Haddon Spurgeon's Theory of Preaching," Quarterly Journal of Speech 25 (1939): 214-25
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Edward J. Lantz, "A Survey of Modern Preaching," Quarterly Journal of Speech 29 (1943): 167-73
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Elton Abernathy, "Trends in American Homiletic Theory Since 1860," Speech Monographs 10 (1943): 68-75
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Eugene E. White, "The Preaching of George Whitefield during the Great Awakening in America," Speech Monograph…
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54. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 11.
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55. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 1.
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56. Woodson, Negro Orators, introduction, 12.
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57. For more on Maat, see Ronald L. Jackson and Elaine B. Richardson, eds., Understanding African American Rh…
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58. Carter G. Woodson, The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written during the Crisis, 1800-1860 (Wa…
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59. Woodson, The Mind of the Negro, v.
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60. John Hope Franklin, “The Place of Carter G. Woodson in American Historiography,” Negro History Bulletin 1…
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61. Reverdy Ransom, The Spirit of Freedom and Justice: Orations and Speeches (Nashville, TN: AME Sunday Schoo…
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62. Alain Locke, “Review: The Spirit of Freedom and Justice: Orations and Speeches,” Journal of Negro History…
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63. Nancy Cunard, ed., Negro: An Anthology (London: Wishart and Co., 1934).
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64. Zora Neale Hurston, “Characteristics of Negro Expression,” in Sweat, by Zora Neale Hurston, ed. Cheryl A.…
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65. Hurston, “Characteristics of Negro Expression,” 57.
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66. Sterling A. Brown, Arthur P. Davis, and Ulysses Lee, The Negro Caravan (New York: Dryden Press, 1941).
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67. Brown, et al., The Negro Caravan, 2.
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68. Carter G. Woodson, ed., The Works of Francis J. Grimke (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1942).
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69. Woodson, The Works of Francis J. Grimke, vii.
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70. Journal of Negro Education, “Mission and History,” 2021, http://www.journalnegroed.org/generalinfo.html.
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71. Dorothy B. Porter, “The Organized Educational Activities of Negro Literary Societies, 1828-1846,” Journal…
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72. John W. Parker, “Current Debate Practices in Thirty Negro Colleges,” Journal of Negro Education 9 (1940):…
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73. John W. Parker, “The Status of Debate in the Negro College,” Journal of Negro Education 24 (1955): 146-53.
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74. Nancy Bullock Woolridge, “The Negro Preacher in American Fiction before 1900” (PhD diss., University of C…
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75. Nancy Bullock Woolridge, “The Slave Preacher—Portrait of a Leader,” Journal of Negro Education 14 (1945):…
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76. Lillian W. Voorhees, “A Program of Speech Education for Talladega College,” Journal of Negro Education 15…
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77. “Survey of American Negro Oratory,” Negro History Bulletin 7 (1944): 203-14.
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78. “Survey,” 203.
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79. “Survey,” 203.
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80. Howard H. Bell, “National Negro Conventions of the Middle 1840s: Moral Suasion vs. Political Action,” Jou…
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81. Fred L. Ryon, “William Allen, Negro Evangelist of the Society of Friends,” Bulletin of Friends’ Historica…
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82. Lillian W. Voorhees, “Speech in the Negro College,” Southern Speech Journal 6 (1941): 51-56.
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83. Bert Bradley, “Negro Speakers in Congress: 1869-1875,” Southern Speech Journal 18 (1953): 216-25.
-
84. Marcus H. Boulware, “Speech Training in Negro Colleges,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 (1947): 509-14.
-
85. William Holmes Honan, “John Jasper and the Sermon That Moved the Sun,” Speech Monographs 23 (1956): 255-61.
-
86. Winifred DeWitt Bennett, “A Survey of American Negro Oratory: 1619-1900” (master’s thesis, Columbia Colle…
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87. Bennett, “A Survey,” chapter 6, 15-16.
-
88. Bennett, “A Survey,” chapter 6, 14-15.
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89. Doris G. Yoakam, “An Historical Study of the Public Speaking Activity of Women in America from 1828 to 18…
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90. Yoakam, “An Historical Study,” 480.
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91. Yoakam, “An Historical Study,” 507.
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92. Doris G. Yoakam, “Pioneer Women Orators of America,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 23 (1937): 251-59.
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93. Doris G. Yoakam, “Women’s Introduction to the American Platform,” in A History and Criticism of Public Ad…
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94. William Harrison Pipes, “Sources of Booker T. Washington’s Effectiveness as a Public Speaker” (master’s t…
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95. William Harrison Pipes, “Old-Time Negro Preaching: An Interpretative Study,” Quarterly Journal of Speech …
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96. William Harrison Pipes, “An Interpretative Study of Old Time Negro Preaching” (PhD dissertation, Universi…
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97. William Harrison Pipes, Say Amen Brother! Old Time Negro Preaching: A Study in American Frustration (New …
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98. Robert Bao, “MSU’s Iconic Professors,” MSU Alumni, Michigan State University, https://alumni.msu.edu/stay…
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99. Lowell Tillry Moseberry. “An Historical Study of Negro Oratory in the United States to 1915” (PhD diss., …
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100. Moseberry, “An Historical Study,” iv.
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101. Moseberry, “An Historical Study,” 147.
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102. Moseberry, “An Historical Study,” 150.
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103. Moseberry, “An Historical Study,” 247.
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104. Jayme Coleman Williams, “A Rhetorical Analysis of Thurgood Marshall’s Arguments Before the Supreme Court…
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105. Coleman Williams, “A Rhetorical Analysis,” 1.
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106. Coleman Williams, “A Rhetorical Analysis,” 234.
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107. Coleman Williams, “A Rhetorical Analysis,” 234.
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108. Coleman Williams, “A Rhetorical Analysis,” 183.
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109. Martin J. Medhurst, “The History of Public Address as an Academic Study,” in The Handbook of Rhetoric an…
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110. William Norwood Brigance, “Whither Research,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 19 (1933): 556.
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111. Brigance, “Whither Research,” 557.
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112. Brigance, “Whither Research,” 559.
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113. Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address,” 206.
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114. Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address,” 206.
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115. Wilson, “The Racial Contexts of Public Address,” 206.
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116. Dallas C. Dickey, “Southern Oratory: A Field for Research,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 33 (1947): 462.
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117. Dickey, “Southern Oratory,” 462.
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118. Medhurst, “The History of Public Address,” 36.