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References (111)
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1. Robert K. Murray, The 103rd Ballot: Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden (New York: Harper …
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2. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 118.
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3. “Garden Pronounced Ready; Ushers in Dress Rehearsal,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 23, 1924, 4.
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4. “McAdoo Scores Treatment by N.Y. Newspapers,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 23, 1924, 4.
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5. Robert K. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 96; “Al Smith’s Hat in the Ring,” Literary Digest, May 3,1924, 1; and …
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6. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 117; and New York Magazine, July 13, 1992.
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7. “Crook Round-Up Ordered to Guard Visiting Delegates,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 6, 1924, 2. “Plans to rid…
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8. “Menus,” Brooklyn Eagle, June 18, 1924, 2.
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9. Barry Hankins, American Evangelicals: A Contemporary History of a Mainstream Religious Movement (New York:…
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10. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 150.
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11. The term first appears in Joseph A. Cowen’s column in the New York Daily News. “Klanbake steamed open at …
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12. “Wizard Evans at N.Y. Leading Fight for Klan,” Baltimore Sun, June 26, 1924, 2.
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13. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 128–29.
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14. “Klan Rally Hashes Smith Effigy,” New York Daily News, July 5, 1924, 53.
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15. Lee Allen, “The 1924 Underwood Campaign in Alabama,” in Civil War to Civil Rights, Alabama 1860–1960: An …
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16. Leroy T. Vernon, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 24, 1924, 5.
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17. Glenn Feldman, Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama P…
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18. Kyle D. Palmer, “Democratic Convention Launched in Chaotic Sea,” Los Angeles Times, June 25, 1924, 1–2.
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19. Arthur Brisbane, “Today,” Nevada State Journal, June 20, 1924, 1.
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20. Mark Sullivan, “Democrats to Avoid Split in Party Meeting,” Des Moines Register, June 17, 1924, 14.
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21. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 90.
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22. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 86.
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23. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 132.
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24. William Woodford, “‘Now if I Were President’—Potential Democratic Nominees Give Opinions on the Big Issue…
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25. Murray summarizes the motley field as follows: “It was rumored that [Carter] Glass of Virginia, [Joe T.] …
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26. Upon the first vote for the presidential nominee, Western states tossed 90.5 votes for McAdoo, and Easter…
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27. “Neff Issues Statement against Either Wm. G. McAdoo or Al Smith,” Eagle, June 24, 1924, 1. The first actu…
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28. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 178–79.
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29. “Convention Minutes by Radio to the Globe,” Boston Globe, June 29, 1924, 11.
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30. As opposed to Bryan’s “Daybreak Prayer,” which he had ready to hand out the next Sunday, Rabbi Wise praye…
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31. “Smith Men Pick Rabbi Wise to Squelch Bryan,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 25, 1924, 1.
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32. “Klan Discussions Occupy Both Day and Night Sessions of Democratic Convention,” Baltimore Sun, June 29, 1…
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33. Official Proceedings, 244–45.
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34. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 182.
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35. Official Proceedings, 247–48.
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36. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 183.
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37. “Convention Minutes by Radio to the Globe.”
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38. W. A. White, “Klan Vote Leaves Both Sides Angry,” Emporia Gazette, June 30, 1924, 3.
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39. “District Headquarters Located at Ansley,” Atlanta Constitution, April 22, 1924, 6.
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40. “Anti-Klan Plank Loses by a Vote,” Messenger-Inquirer, Owensboro, Kentucky, June 29, 1924, 2.
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41. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 188–89.
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42. Camille K. Lewis, Romancing the Difference: Kenneth Burke, Bob Jones University, and the Rhetoric of Reli…
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and "'Remove Not the Ancient Landmarks': Making the Confederate Distortions of Religion Apparent," in Rhetori…
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43. Richard M. Weaver, Southern Tradition at Bay: A History of Postbellum Thought (Washington, D.C.: Regnery …
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44. In 1838, South Carolina’s former governor John Lyde Wilson wrote The Code of Honor; or, Rules for the Gov…
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45. Weaver, Southern Tradition, 28, 133.
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46. Weaver, Southern Tradition, 100, 107, 96.
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47. Richard M. Coffman and Kurt D. Graham, To Honor These Men: A History of the Phillips Georgia Legion Infan…
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48. Before his governorship, Howell Cobb was the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1849 throu…
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49. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Wash…
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50. Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America (Philadelphia…
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51. Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 (New York: Kno…
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52. Official Proceedings, 297–98.
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53. Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (1945; rpt., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 17.
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54. Kenneth T. Jackson, Ku Klux Klan in the City: 1915–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 29–88.
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55. Jackson, Ku Klux Klan, 111.
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56. Burke, Grammar, 8.
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57. Harvey H. Jackson and Phinizy Spalding. Forty Years of Diversity: Essays on Colonial Georgia (Athens: Uni…
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58. Erwin’s great-great-grandfather was a colonel in Pennsylvania’s Bucks County militia who loaned George Wa…
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59. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “For, though Conquered, They Adore It,” Review of Politics 68 (2006): 147–50.
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60. James C. Cobb, “What Kind?” 125.
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61. One biographer, Daniel Brook, quips, “In every age, a heroic sage struggles to rescue Benjamin from obscu…
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62. Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry, 46.
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63. “Fighting for Respect: African American Soldiers in WWI,” Campaign for the National Museum of the United …
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64. “African Americans Continue Tradition of Distinguished Service,” https://www.army.mil/article/1681/africa…
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65. African Americans and World War I, http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-world-war-i.html.
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66. American Battle Monuments Commission, American Armies and Battlefields in Europe (Washington, D.C.: Gover…
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67. Richard A. Rinaldi, The U.S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle (Minneapolis, MN: General Data LLC, 2005).
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68. “Young Georgian Carried Around Hall after Short Anti-Klan Speech,” Baltimore Sun, June 29, 1924, 5.
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69. “Convention Minutes by Radio to the Globe.”
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70. White, “Klan Vote Leaves Both Sides Angry.”
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71. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 189.
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72. Pittsburgh Daily Post, June 29, 1924, 4.
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73. Marion Toombs Colley was active in women’s suffrage efforts while she was a student at Columbia Universit…
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74. “Convention Minutes by Radio to the Globe.”
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75. “Convention Minutes by Radio to the Globe.”
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76. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 188–91.
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78. “Ballot of Bullets over Democratic Nominee Due Today,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 30,1924, 1, 10.
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79. “Our Heavenly Father, we come into Thy presence conscious that Thou are infinite in wisdom, love and powe…
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80. Pittsburgh Daily Post.
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81. “Convention Minutes,” Boston Globe.
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82. Official Proceedings, 309.
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83. Official Proceedings, 330.
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84. Charles Michelson, “Unit Rule Aid in Close Vote on Platform,” Courier-Journal, Louisville, KY, June 29, 1…
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85. “She Changed Her Mind,” Daily Times, Davenport, IA, July 2, 1924, 3, 1.
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87. Official Proceedings, 333.
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88. Official Proceedings, 334.
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89. Murray, The 103rd Ballot, 193.
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90. “Ballot of Bullets over Democratic Nominee Due Today,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 30, 1924, 1, 10.
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91. Baltimore Sun, June 30, 1924, 20.
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92. “Young Georgian Carried Around Hall after Short Anti-Klan Speech.”
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93. “Bedlam Over Klan Gives N.Y. Wildest Night,” Baltimore Sun, June 29, 1924, 1.
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94. “Klan Discussions Occupy Both Day and Night Sessions of Democratic Convention,” Baltimore Sun, June 29, 1…
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95. Associated Press, “Speakers Urge and Oppose Specific Mention of Ku Klux Klan in Party Platform,” Baltimor…
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96. Michelson, “Unit Rule Aid,” 1.
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97. “Klan Fight on Floor Bitter,” New York Daily News, June 29, 1924, 2.
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98. “Democratic Party Platform Will Not Mention Ku Klux,” Times, Shreveport, LA, June 29, 1924, 11.
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99. "Klan Plank Defeated by One Vote," Houston Post, June 29, 1924, 8
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100. White, “Klan Vote Leaves Both Sides Angry.”
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101. “Ballot of Bullets,” 10.
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102. Will Rogers, “North Carolina’s Higher Mathematics Proves Too Much for Will Rogers,” Ithaca Journal-News,…
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103. “Klan Rally Hashes Smith Effigy,” New York Daily News, July 5, 1924, 53.
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104. Official Proceedings, 935.
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105. Official Proceedings, 969.
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106. “Athens to Give Andrew Erwin Royal Welcome,” Atlanta Constitution, July 11, 1924, 1, 5.
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107. “Russell Assailed by Own Workers,” Atlanta Constitution, September 9, 1932, 29.
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108. “James Roosevelt, Son of President, Visits Historic City of Athens,” Atlanta Constitution, March 20, 1937, 4.
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109. “Andrew Cobb Erwin,” Atlanta Constitution, February 18, 1941, 8.