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References (87)
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1. Howard M. Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (New York: Knopf, 1979), 44–45…
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2. Lippe's address is given in Zionisten-Congress in Basel (29., 30., und 31. August 1897): Offizielles Proto…
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it had been previously printed in the Zionist organ, Die Welt, Sept 10, 1897, 15:4-5. All translations from t…
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3. As he states in his memoir, Meine 25-jährige zionistische Agitation (Jassy: H. Goldner, 1902), 6. See "Lip…
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this was slightly emended and appeared again in my The First Zionist Congress: An Annotated Translation of th…
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4. Lippe’s speech was enthusiastically received by delegates to the Congress. During his oration, he was inte…
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5. Historical revisionism is an important approach within rhetorical scholarship. In the words of Martin Medh…
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6. Jürgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labor, and Bureaucracy in Modern Germany…
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7. While there were some important differences between Zionism and many colonial ventures of the same era, no…
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8. On the decisive nature of the 1880s pogroms and the emergence of Hibbat Zion, see David Vital, The Origins…
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10. Vital, Origins of Zionism, 286-287; see also Alan Dowty, “Much Ado about Little: Ahad Ha’am’s ’Truth from…
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11. The position of the Sultan and the Ottoman elite is elaborated in two articles by Neville Mandel: "Ottoma…
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"Ottoman Practice as regards Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881-1908," Middle Eastern Studies (1975): 11:1,…
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12. Ehud Luz, Parallels Meet: Religion and Nationalism in the Early Zionist Movement (1882-1904), trans. Lenn…
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13. Shlomo Avineri, The Makings of Modern Zionism (New York: Basic Books, 1981), 73.
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14. Dowty-Ahad Ha’am, “Truth,” 154-181.
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15. Kressel, “Rothschild, Baron Edmond James de”; Eran Kaplan and Derek J. Penslar, The Origins of Israel, 18…
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16. Luz, Parallels Meet, 44-45, 58-60, 63-65. The tensions between the rabbinic advisors to the Odessa Commit…
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17. Marc Volovici, “Leon Pinsker’s Autoemancipation! and the Emergence of German as a Language of Jewish Nati…
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18. “What remains is to turn to our brothers in the West… These people, who are accustomed to an ordered life…
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19. Jess Olson, “The Late Zionism of Nathan Birnbaum: The Herzl Controversy Reconsidered,” Association of Jew…
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20. Vital, Origins of Zionism, 221-223.
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21. Vital, Origins of Zionism, 269-271.
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22. Shimoni questions the identification of Herzl as an assimilationist, preferring to label him a “noninstit…
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23. Indeed, upon his death, Die Neue Freie Presse assessed many of his journalistic pieces as veritable works…
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24. Henry J. Cohn, “Theodor Herzl’s Conversion to Zionism,” Jewish Social Studies (1970): 32:2, 101-110; Robe…
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25. "Max Nordau" and "Max Nordau als Philosoph und Politiker," Wiener Morgenzeitung, January, 24, 1924, 1, 3
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H.R. Keller, Reader's Digest of Books (New York: Macmillan, 1936), 183.
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26. Lacking a common language, Slavic nationalists addressed one another in German, just as the Jews did at t…
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27. Shimoni, Zionist Ideology, 392. In this context, one should bear in mind Herzl’s willingness to collabora…
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28. Somewhat surprisingly, Jassy was home to a Reform temple from 1865, presided over from 1897 by Rabbi Iaco…
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29. Proceedings-Cowen, 6; Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism (New York: Schocken Books, 1978), 99. Herzl’s …
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30. Jubilee of the First Zionist Congress, 1897-1947 (Jerusalem: Executive of the Zionist Organization, 1947), 63.
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31. Sachar, A History of Israel, 44-45.
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32. As indicated above, the social profile of Congress participants has been studied by Shimoni, Zionist Ideo…
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33. This and the following observations are based on an analysis of the proceedings of the 1897 Congress: see…
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34. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875-1914 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 174; cited in Watenpaugh, Be…
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35. All three rabbis had studied in Berlin and held doctoral degrees; Dr. Armand Kaminka and Dr. Marcus Ehren…
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36. Gay, Schnitzler’s Century, 12-16.
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37. Luz, Parallels Meet, 63-77. The sabbatical year controversy was finessed by obtaining a rabbinic dispensa…
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38. Kury, “Jüdische Lebenswelten,” 145. This was not an isolated phenomenon: on Christian support for a Jewis…
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39. S.v. “Basel,” Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 11th ed., 3:462-463, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b…
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40. Proceedings-Cowen, 39.
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41. According to Herzl, Lippe had been allotted ten minutes and took thirty, and made so many mistakes that t…
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42. The terminology here is Habermasian, but I draw more particularly on Gerard Delanty’s analysis of the con…
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43. Dowty-Ahad Ha’am, “Truth,” 172-173: “After a decade’s work and the composition of thousands of articles a…
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44. Luz, Parallels Meet, 3-5.
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45. Die Welt, Sept 17, 1897, 8, cited in Reimer, "'The good Dr. Lippe' and Herzl," 3
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s.v. "Lippe, Karpel," YIVO. Lippe's position was similar to that taken by several pre-Zionist advocates of co…
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46. Walter Laqueur mentions Lippe’s reciting a prayer of benediction: see his History of Zionism, 104; this i…
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47. K. Lippe, Meine 25-jährige zionistische Agitation, 5-6.
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48. ZC 1897, 113, 164.
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49. Luz, Parallels Meet, 19-21.
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50. Dowty-Ahad Ha’am, “Truth,” 161; on the economic distress driving Romanian Jews to seek a livelihood in Pa…
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51. Hedva Ben-Israel Kidron, “Zionism and European Nationalisms: Comparative Aspects,” Israel Studies, (2003)…
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52. Luz, Parallels Meet, 21.
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53. Volovici, “Leon Pinsker’s Autoemancipation!”, 41.
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54. Since Herzl sincerely hoped to interest the German government in his project, and met the Kaiser in Pales…
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55. Reimer, “‘The good Dr. Lippe’ and Herzl,” 5, citing evidence in Hertzberg; Lippe echoes Rabbi Yehudah Alk…
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56. He concurs here with Pinsker, since the opening paragraphs of Autoemancipation! emphasize the futility of…
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57. My commentary here is not a tacit endorsement of Lippe’s assertions regarding desolation before the new Y…
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58. Dowty-Ahad Ha’am, “Truth,” 161; Luz, Parallels Meet, 5, 14, 108; Amos Elon, The Israelis: Founders and So…
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59. Gay, Schnitzer’s Century, 192, 196.
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60. Strikingly, Israel Belkind, one of the founders of the secular, proto-Zionist student movement known as B…
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61. “25. April,” Die Neue Freie Presse, Apr 26, 1879, 1.
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62. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (London: Routledge, 1948), 176.
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63. In 1882, Lilienblum had written: “We are human beings and we have the right to live like others; and more…
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64. Gay, Schnitzler’s Century, 125-126; Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (New York: Charles Sc…
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65. Margaret Lamberts Bendroth, Growing Up Protestant: Parents, Children, and Mainline Churches (New Brunswic…
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66. Luz, Parallels Meet, 131, 154.
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67. Hertzberg, Zionist Idea, 194.
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68. Hertzberg, Zionist Idea, 190, 192. Hertzberg renders Pinsker’s text (197): “Of course, the establishment …
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69. The reference to this rebellion against Moses is found in Num. 14:4.
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70. Pinsker speaks of the springs of anti-Semitism as “these dark powers” (diese finstern Mächte) which Jews …
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71. This passage is recited by the congregation as the Torah scroll is brought forth from the ark, in prepara…
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72. “Reform Judaism from the point of view of the Reform Jew,” Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906, online ed., http://…
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73. In the discussion of the following, see Reimer, “‘The good Dr. Lippe’ and Herzl,” 4-5, 10-11.
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74. Reimer, “‘The good Dr. Lippe’ and Herzl,” 10-11.
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75. Volovici, “Leon Pinsker’s Autoemancipation!”, 53.
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76. Die Welt, Sept 3, 1897, 14:3.
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77. Die Welt, June 4, 1897, 2.
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78. ZC 1897, 7.
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79. Sarah Panter, “Zwischen Selbstreflexion und Projektion. Die Bilder von Ostjuden in zionistischen und orth…
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80. Luz, Parallels Meet, xii-xiii, 13-16.
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81. Reimer, “‘The good Dr. Lippe’ and Herzl,” 4-5.
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82. Luz, Parallels Meet, 37, 105.
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83. Luz, Parallels Meet, 137-158. An intriguing problem for Zionism was the management of a relationship betw…