Augustine's highly dramatized resignation as a professor of rhetoric in Book Nine of The Confessions has caused a number of hermeneutic problems for scholars seeking to claim Augustine as an important part of rhetorical histories. By situating the resignation in the context of Augustine's critique of Manichaean practices of speech, I argue that Augustine's resignation marks a fundamental affirmation of rhetoric—an act in which Augustine's deep commitment to the arts of rhetoric shines forth with uncommon brilliance.

La lettre invective a joui d'une grande fortune à la Renaissance, comme en témoignent Les Epistres familieres et invectives (1539) d'Hélisenne de Crenne. Une relecture de ce recueil à la lumière de la théorie épistolaire permet de nuancer nos a priori défavorables à cette pratique épistolaire que l'on aurait tort de réduire à une «bordée d'injures» aussi gratuites que disgracieuses. Ces épîtres invectives donnent à voir que le recours à l'insulte n'est jamais une fin en soi, mais un moyen de persuasion au service de la déconstruction de l'ethos de l'adversaire et du renforcement de la crédibilité de l'épistolier.

Published as Tell, Dave. “Augustine and the ‘Chair of Lies’: Rhetoric in The Confessions.” Rhetorica 28.4 (Autumn 2010): 384-407. © 2010 by [the Regents of the University of California/Sponsoring Society or Association]. Copying and permissions notice: Authorization to copy this content beyond fair use (as specified in Sections 107 and 108 of the U. S. Copyright Law) for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric for libraries and other users, provided that they are registered with and pay the specified fee via Rightslink® on http://caliber.ucpress.net or directly with the Copyright Clearance Center, http://www.copyright.com."

La lettre invective a joui d’une grande fortune à la Renaissance, comme en témoignent Les Epistres familieres et invectives (1539) d’Hélisenne de Crenne. Une relecture de ce recueil à la lumière de la théorie épistolaire permet de nuancer nos a priori défavorables à cette pratique épistolaire que l’on aurait tort de réduire à une «bordée d’injures» aussi gratuites que disgracieuses. Ces épîtres invectives donnent à voir que le recours à l’insulte n’est jamais une fin en soi, mais un moyen de persuasion au service de la déconstruction de l’ethos de l’adversaire et du renforcement de la crédibilité de l’épistolier.

Nell’articolo vengono esaminati gli schemi logici, gli usi retorici e i tentativi di confutazione del dilemma che, considerato da Ermogene uno σχῆμα λόγου, non è altro che un raffinato ragiona-mento logico basato su una premessa maggiore ipotetica disgiuntiva, i cui antecedenti possono portare ad una unica conclusione o a due conclusioni differenti.

A full list of passages containing apostrophe, the figure of speech when a speaker turns away temporarily from his audience and addresses a third party, shows many more instances of it in later than earlier Greek oratory, reflecting the change from the more impersonal role of the speechwriter to that of the career politician who increased his influence by supporting clients robustly in the lawcourts. This paper also classifies the types of apostrophe and considers to what extent its presence may be due to the characters of particular orators and the cultural trends of the Fourth Century.

Book Review| August 01 2010 Review: Science, Literature and Rhetoric in Early Modern England, by Juliet Cummins and David Burchell Juliet Cummins and David Burchell(eds.), Science, Literature and Rhetoric in Early Modern England, (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity Series), Aldershot (England) and Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate, 2007. 241 pp. ISBN: 9780754657811. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 340–343. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.340 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Science, Literature and Rhetoric in Early Modern England, by Juliet Cummins and David Burchell. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 340–343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.340 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| August 01 2010 Review: John Locke and the Rhetoric of Modernity, by Philip Vogt Philip VogtJohn Locke and the Rhetoric of Modernity, Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2008. 197 pp. ISBN: 0739123564. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.337 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: John Locke and the Rhetoric of Modernity, by Philip Vogt. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 337–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.337 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| August 01 2010 Review: Epicedio per Eteoneo. Epitafio per Alessandro. Millennium, Collana di testi greci e latini 7, by Elisabetta Berardi and Elio Aristide Elisabetta BerardiElio Aristide. Epicedio per Eteoneo. Epitafio per Alessandro. Millennium, Collana di testi greci e latini 7, Alessandria, 2006, 276 pp. ISBN: 8876949062. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 334–337. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.334 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Epicedio per Eteoneo. Epitafio per Alessandro. Millennium, Collana di testi greci e latini 7, by Elisabetta Berardi and Elio Aristide. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 334–337. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.334 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Other| August 01 2010 Addresses of Contributors to this issue Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 348–349. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.348 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Addresses of Contributors to this issue. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 348–349. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.348 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| August 01 2010 Review: Retorica e storia. Una lettura delle Suasoriae di Seneca Padre, by Elvira Migliario Elvira MigliarioRetorica e storia. Una lettura delle Suasoriae di Seneca Padre, Bari: Edipuglia (Quaderni di ‘Invigilata lucernis’, 32), 2007, 192 pp. ISBN: 9788872284651. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 330–333. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.330 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Retorica e storia. Una lettura delle Suasoriae di Seneca Padre, by Elvira Migliario. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 330–333. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.330 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| August 01 2010 Review: Papers on Rhetoric IX, by Lucia Calboli Montefusco Lucia Calboli Montefusco(ed.), Papers on Rhetoric IX, Roma: Herder, 2008, VIII, 240 pp. ISBN: 9788889670385. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (3): 343–347. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.343 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Papers on Rhetoric IX, by Lucia Calboli Montefusco. Rhetorica 1 August 2010; 28 (3): 343–347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.343 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Le sophiste Dion de Pruse s’est interrogé sur l’expression du divin dans quatre discours (Or. XI, XII, XXX et XXXVI). Il s’agit de recourir aux symboles qui conviennent le mieux au divin et qui offrent le meilleur medium de communication. Dion cherche, d’une part, à renouveler le langage mythique issu des poèmes d’Homère et d’Hésiode, car celui-ci répand des représentations immorales qui ne correspondent plus à la sensibilité religieuse du Haut Empire. Il ne souhaite pas, d’autre part, rompre avec les cadres de la piété traditionnelle, et en cela il se présente bien comme un représentant de la Seconde Sophistique.

We often hear it said that today is the era of rhetoric, but we do not yet have a rhetoric general enough to include both Western and Asian rhetorics. Here I try to show how the rhetoric of communication could operate as such a framework with special reference to the history of Korean rhetoric. I investigate the history of the term “susa,” present milestones in the history of Korean rhetoric, and use as illustration several cases of the rhetoric of “dakkeum.” Finally, 1 shall insist on the need for further development of the rhetoric of communication towards a global rhetoric.

337 Reviews exhaustivité, tant les domaines qu'elles cherchent à circonscrire sont innom­ brables (lexique, stylistique, histoire, civilisation, épigraphie, métrique etc.). Le revers de la médaille de ce choix, c'est que certaines notes sembleront par­ fois trop longues, se perdant parfois dans des sortes de digressions, toujours passionnantes, mais peu en rapport avec l'objet initial (par ex. la note du§ 23, pp. 243-47). L'ensemble de l'ouvrage se révèle une source précieuse pour la connais­ sance d Aristide, et plus spécifiquement, de deux discours injustement tom­ bés dans 1 oubli durant plusieurs siècles. On ne peut qu'être reconnaissant à B. de nous livrer une étude aussi fournie: un livre, assurément, qui est un jalon important dans les études aristidiennes qui se multiplient depuis quelques temps. Jean-Luc Vix Université de Strasbourg Philip Vogt, John Locke and the Rhetoric of Modernity, Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2008. 197 pp. ISBN: 0739123564 Locke's attack on rhetoric in Book III of his Essay Concerning Human Understanding has become notorious. Indeed, his accusation that "all the Art of Rhetorick" together with "all the artificial and figurative application of Words" are a "perfect cheat" has become in many ways indicative of an apparent marginalization of rhetoric in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Locke's point was that any tropological comparison of a thing to something that it is not is, in effect, a lie consciously chosen by the orator to maximize the possibility that the matter under discussion will be perceived by the auditor in the way that the orator wishes. In this way, auditors are cheated—the interests of others substituted for their own—and, thus, in any discursive pursuit that has truth (as opposed to interest) as its goal, rhetoric must be regarded as a threat. Historians of rhetoric have heard such accusations so often that they are liable to ignore Locke's complaint. But there have been some sophisti­ cated treatments of Locke's pessimism about language not least Hannah Dawson's recent work on Locke, Language and Early-Modern Philosophy (Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). In that work, Dawson argues that Locke's wariness of language is informed by the most significant insights of his epistemology. Words equivocate because all individuals connote words differently and in accordance with sequences of their own private experi­ ences that are publically unavailable. Moreover, different people will clas­ sify the same phenomenon in different ways what is courageous to some is foolhardy to others—because phenomena are often genuinely difficult to distinguish and because each distinction is itself a finely balanced choice be­ tween similarity and difference, fancy and judgment. Dawson claims rightly 338 RHETORICA that for Locke such equivocation—both terminological and paradiastolic—is endemic and cognitively foundational. But despite the plausibility of the argument that Locke's pessimism about language entails a thorough-going repudiation of rhetoric, there is another scholarly tradition—running through (for example) Leibniz, de Man, and Walker—that interprets Lockean epistemology through the lens of rhetoric's theorization of the tropes (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nouveaux Essais sur EEntendement Humain (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1962); Paul de Man, "The Epistemology of Metaphor," Critical Inquiry 5 (1978): 13-30; William Walker, Locke, Literary Criticism, and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni­ versity Press, 1994)). Philip Vogt's John Locke and the Rhetoric ofModernity is, in large part, to be situated in this tradition. In particular, Vogt emphasizes Locke's investment in the theory and practice of analogy. Citing a text that in his opinion has been unjustifiably marginalized in Locke scholarship (the text in question is "An Examination of Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing All Things in God"), Vogt argues that there is a "rule of Analogy" that regulates Lockean thought. According to this rule, the human mind uses that with which it is familiar in order to judge that with which it is unfamiliar (pp. 18, 21). Vogt's claim that the trope of analogy plays a significant role in Locke's epistemology is significant and worthy of attention. It is essential to his argument that—pace the litany of scholars who have repeated the myth— Locke does not ultimately conceive...

This essay offers “material rhetoric” as a new addition to the usual list of categories used to describe rhetoric in the eighteenth century (neoclassical, belletristic, elocutionary, epistemological/psychological) by examining the material elements of treatises written by Joseph Priestley and Gilbert Austin. Those material elements—namely heat, passion, and impression—are tracked through Priestley and Austin’s scientific writings, thereby positioning their particular strains of material rhetoric as legacies of philosophical chemistry.

Reviews Elvira Migliario, Retorica e storia. Una lettura delle Suasoriae di Seneca Padre, Bari: Edipuglia (Quaderni di 'Invigilata lucernis', 32), 2007,192 pp. ISBN: 9788872284651 Elvira Migliario (d'ora innanzi M.) aveva giá offerto un contributo im­ portante sul rapporto tra declamazione di scuola e contesto politico-sociale ("Luoghi retorici e realtà sociale nell'opera di Seneca il Vecchio", Athenaeum 67 (1989): 525-49); ora recupera—sin dal titolo della sua monografía—la medesima prospettiva di indagine dirigendo la propria analisi sul corpus delle Suasoriae di Seneca il Vecchio: non un vero e proprio commento, piuttosto un'ampia e articolata introduzione alla raccolta nel suo complesso e ai sette singoli pezzi che la compongono, il cui testo opportunamente la M. stampa in calce aU'analisi, cavándolo dall'edizione ormai canónica di Lennart Hâkanson. La succinta introduzione (pp. 5-10) presenta hipótesi di lavoro che ha guidato la ricerca: «una lettura e una interpretazione delle suasoriae volte ... a individuarvi argomenti e temi oggetto di attenzione e riflessione da parte dei contemporanei» (p. 6), a partiré dalla consapevolezza della centralita assunta in età giulio-claudia dalle scuole di retorica come luogo deputato «alia definizione del sistema di valori destinato a essere ampiamente condivido dai ceti colti e dalle classi dirigenti dell'impero» (p. 10). II primo capitolo (Seneca Padre e le scuole di retorica a Roma, pp. 11-31) traccia opportunamente una sintesi aggiornata di quanto oggi si sa—in particolare dopo le monografie di Lewis Sussman e di Jean Lairweather—sulla biografía di questo insaziabile amateur della declamazione, mettendone in luce i rapporti con il milieu di provenienza e i contatti stabiliti dopo l'arrivo a Roma; la M. illumina quindi il fenómeno delle scuole di retorica e in particolare il nuovo profilo che esse assumono con il passaggio all'età impériale, allorché le esercitazioni divennero non solo «il principale veicolo di trasmissione dei codici di comportamento ritenuti appropriati per i cittadini romani dei ceti superiori», ma anche il «mezzo attraverso il quale quegli stessi co­ dici culturali venivano messi in discussione», o in ogni casso si aprivano al dibattito ed eventualmente alla contestazione (p. 21). Al tempo stesso, la M. viene chiarendo un obiettivo che resta poi centrale in tutto il saggio: il Rhetorica, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 3, pp. 330—349, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintlnfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/RH.2010.28.3.330. Reviews 331 tentativo di fornire un adeguato inquadramento prosopografico dei retori citati da Seneca, distinguendo in particolare una generazione piú anziana, testimone degli sconvolgimenti legati al crollo della repubblica aristocrática, e una piú giovane, formatasi ormai in piena età augustea e talora attiva ancora sotto Tiberio. Questa indagine conferma come l'antologia senecana nasca dalTassemblaggio di materiali prodotti in sessioni declamatorie anche molto distanti nel tempo, atierenti a retori di generazioni diverse: cosí, gli excerpta conservad nelle suasorio sulla figura di Alessandro risultano scaglionati lungo un periodo di almeno cinquant'anni (p. 53). II secondo capitolo (Le deelamazioui deliberative fra la tarda età repubblicana e il primo pnneipato, pp. 33-50) offre una succinta ricostruzione del processo evolutivo che, a partiré dalle prime scuole di retorica e dall'apparire della più risalente manualistica in materia, all'inizio del I secolo a.C., conduce alla forma che la suasoria assume nell'età di Seneca. Di questo processo si illuminano i precedenti greci e se ne segue lo sviluppo attraverso le testimonianze offerte dalla Rhetorica ad Herennium: qui, in particolare, sono attestate deliberationes—non ancora suasoriae—relative al conflitto romano-cartaginese e ai suoi protagonisti (da Annibale a Scipione Emiliano), ma anche concer­ nent! la guerra sociale; compare inoltre almeno un esempio di esercitazione sulla figura di Alessandro, che impegnerà poi due delle suasorie senecane. Si discutono poi la testimonianza e la specifica terminología offerte dalle opere retoriche di Cicerone, declamatore in proprio e nel contesto di una sorta di insegnamento privato cui...

340 RHETORICA to be monitored by the community and that is balanced by an ethics, psy­ chology, and political theory emphasizing isolated, estranged, and restive individuals (pp. 142-45). The image of the modern Lockean individual that Vogt advances is that of the chastened explorer, conscious of the perils of the voyage of discovery undertaken with imperfect tools, but confident in his ability to overcome as yet unknown challenges. Vogt attempts to formulate a strong version of Lockean modernity in order to shed light on what he terms "the strong attack on Lockean modernity" that he perceives in the work of Burke, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche (p. 6). In those thinkers there is, for Vogt, a more precise pessimism. In their hands, Locke's nautical metaphors entail a much greater risk of disorientation. In this reading, the Burkean sublime is a chaste riposte to Locke's cheerful analogizing, a critique of even a figural empiricism's ability to deal with the measureless. Vogt reads the marine paintings of Caspar David Friedrich and J. M. W. Turner to undermine the notion that maritime life is a storehouse of figures that stand for challenges overcome. Many of the things that Vogt has to say with regard to this strong attack on the strong version of Lockean modernity are suggestive. But it is not clear that a monograph on Locke was the best place to explore these complex issues with the sustained attention that they deserve. David L. Marshall Kettering University Juliet Cummins and David Burchell (eds.), Science, Literature and Rhetoric in Early Modern England (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity Series), Aldershot (England) and Burlington (Ver­ mont): Ashgate, 2007. 241 pp. ISBN: 9780754657811 The intent of this collection of essays is to "present new insights" about the "interaction of science, literature and rhetoric" in the development, reception, and dissemination of scientific knowledge in early modernity. The studies emanate from a symposium of scholars held at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. The editors promise in the introduction a wide angled book that will encompass the cultural, political, and social elements of the new science. This has been accomplished to a large degree, even if at times the treatment is a bit parochial in its regional view of science and narrow historical perspective. In addition, rhetoric, left undefined, permits a diffuse sense of the term, and a vague notion that it pervades discourse. But despite these shortcomings, the book offers a rich, lively, innovative collection of essays that illuminate selected literary texts of the period. Several of the essays stand out for their clarity and scholarship. Peter Harrison's "Truth, Utility, and the Natural Sciences in Early Modern Eng­ land" avoids parochialism in its treatment of changing opinions regarding Reviews 341 natural science vis a vis the humanities. Harrison begins his essay with Sir Philip Sidney's weighing of knowledge for its moral usefulness and his elevation of the particular as key to understanding the universal in "The Defence of Poesy. Earlier the studia }iu matiitutis had revamped education for its social and moral utility as well (p. 17). The essay, with apt illustrations from the writings of the virtuosi and their commentators, shows that a similar moral evaluation was being applied to the study of natural philosophy in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The discipline was thought to aid in the development of virtue through the habits of careful study required of its practitioners. And it turned minds to regard the purpose of their labors as the betterment of mankind. Thus, the moral value of the philosophers' work eventually made the occupation socially acceptable, despite critics' ridicule of experiments performed at meetings of the Royal Society. With impressive erudition, David Burchell analyzes Hobbes' style and its debt to both Seneca and Cicero. His essay, '"A Plain Blunt Man'; Hobbes, Science, and Rhetoric Revisited," has only a tenuous connection to science, but it clarifies the relation of rhetoric to science in the period. Burchell successfully rebuts those who have claimed that Hobbes rejected rhetoric and adopted instead a "clear and perspicuous" style to foster better scientific debate. Burchell shows that Hobbes had, instead, a very broad knowledge of rhetoric and used different...

Reviews 343 the history of science have become familiar with the significance of rhetoric to their discipline and like to announce its presence in their studies. But it is surprising that a book with a title such as this one, save for a few of its ten essays, evinces scant interest in the nature of the art itself and displays little sophistication in the use of its tools. Jean Dietz Moss The Catholic University ofAmerica Lucia Calboli Montefusco (ed.), Papers on Rhetoric IX, Roma: Herder, 2008, VIII, 240 pp. ISBN: 9788889670385 Nel IV secolo a.C. Platone pensó alie parole e alie cose come ad immagini visibili di modelli invisibili, a ciascuna di esse come ad una mimesis di una realtá incommensurabilmente migliore. Egli chiamó paradeigmata i modelli invisibili e pensó alie cose e alie parole come a rappresentazioni di tali modelli: ciascuna tesa ad eguagliare il proprio paradeigma, rendendolo cosí disponibile alio sguardo umano. Tutto ció che é visibile, con gli occhi del corpo (le cose) o con quelli della mente (le parole), é un esempio concreto, é un mimema, di una realtá eidetica, e quest'ultima é sensibilmente visibile solo attraverso i suoi mimemata. Questa maniera di pensare la relazione tra modello e mondo (una maniera tutta platónica ma con matrici marcatamente eleatiche) é alia base del modo antico di pensare la retorica e la poesía: se ció che é visibile é pensabile come una rappresentazione dell'invisibile, allora, per rendere evidente ció che é oscuro, bisogna cercare, o inventare, di esso, esempi luminosi, rappresentazioni comprensibili; bisogna allestire, con le parole, una visibilitá dell'invisibile, una sua luminositá, una sua evidentia. In questo straordinario volume a cura di Lucia Calboli Montefusco, nel quale si raccolgono dodici delle relazioni tenute alia XVI Conference della ISHR, tenutasi a Strasburgo nel mese di luglio del 2007, é possibile individuare, quale filo rosso che unisce quasi tutte le relazioni, proprio questa idea della retorica e della poesía, che mostrano la loro syngeneia nell'essere luogo dell'allestimento dell'evidentia. II primo dei papers (pp. 1-31) é di Francesco Berardi: La retorica e la preghiera: alcune considerazioni sullTCj.pfzrj. ne/Z'Explanatio psalmorum di Cassiodoro; esso riguarda, cioé, quel testo che rappresenta Fuñico commento di natura retorica, tra quelli pervenuti, alia preghiera cristiana per eccellenza, il Salterio. Berardi sottolinea come i retori distinguano mille aspetti di quelFunica qualitá discorsiva che consiste nel "dipingere le immagini dei fatti attraverso le parole" e come tra i retori possa essere collocato a ragione anche 1 Anonymus Ecksteinii dal cui manuale di Schemata dianoeas Cassiodoro ha attinto la dottrina delle figure retoriche, i nomi e le definizioni dell7enargeia. Con quest ultimo termine si indica «Fevidenza visiva con cui Fimmaginazione letteraria si presenta alia mente di chi la elabora, vuoi che si tratti dell'autore che la concepisce e la 344 RHETORICA esprime nel testo, vuoi che si tratti del lettore che la legge e la rielabora». Berardi analizza accuratamente, e con ricchezza di riferimenti alia letteratura primaria e secondaria, i mille espedienti tecnici delYenargeia, tra cui—ma è solo un esempio—huso delle voci verbali al presente in luogo del futuro, espedienti che rivelano anche come Cassiodoro sia lettore non pedissequo dell'Anonymus. Il secondo dei papers (pp. 33-52) è di Gualtiero Calboli: The knowledge of the Rhetorica ad Herennium from later Roman Empire to early Middle Ages in northen Italy ed è teso a mostrare come, nel periodo indicato , nel nord della penisola italica, fosse diffuso un grande interesse per le opere retoriche di Cicerone, tra le quali veniva annoverata la Rhetorica ad Herennium, e come esse fossero non solo cítate, ma largamente impiegate. L'autore segue il percorso di queste opere dall'Africa alia Spagna dei Visigoti , mostra come Cassiodoro sia stato fonte di Isidoro, e come e perché all'origine dell'attribuzione a Cicerone della ad Herennium siano da situare Saint Jerome's works, impiegate da tanti autori cristiani. Il terzo contributo, riportato nel volume alie pagine 53-76, L'evidenza esemplare dellafollia d'amore di Polifemo (Teocrito, Idillio 11), firmato da Maria Silvana Celentano, riporta in primo piano, dopo il testo di Calboli, incentrato su questioni di storia della tradizione testuale, la questione dell'evidentia. L'autrice mostra come...

334 RHETORICA Elisabetta Berardi, Elio Aristide. Epicedio per Eteoneo. Epitafio per Alessandro. Millennium, Collana di testi greci e latini 7, Alessandria, 2006, 276 pp. ISBN: 8876949062 Ce livre est bienvenu, les discours 31-32 (or. 31 Epikêdeios en l'honneur d'Etéonée, or. 32 Oraisonfunèbre en l'honneur d'Alexandros de Cotiaeon) d'Aelius Aristide ayant, jusque là, été relativement délaissés dans les études aristidiennes , alors même qu'ils présentent des intérêts multiples pour qui s'intéresse non seulement à la forme de l'oraison funèbre, mais aussi au monde grec de l'époque impériale, et plus spécifiquement à l'univers de la paideia. Elisabetta Berardi propose la première traduction italienne de ces deux discours (il existait jusque là une traduction anglaise et espagnole; une traduction française est sous presse) dans une disposition tripartite originale, une large introduction, pp. 1-57, une partie intermédiaire, pp. 59-111, et, à partir de la p. 113, les traductions, accompagnées d'amples commentaires de bas de page et surtout de fin. L'introduction (pp. 1-57) met en perspective les deux discours, avec une histoire du discours funèbre à l'époque classique (pp. 3-5), puis à l'époque impériale (pp. 5-11), avant d'aborder chacun des discours dans leur composition et leur originalité. Mais avant, dans les deux premières pages, l'auteur rappelle le contenu des deux oraisons funèbres aristidiennes: d'une part, un éloge prononcé en public (Epikêdeios) à l'occasion de la disparition d'un jeune élève d'Aristide, Etéonée (or. 31), d'autre part, une lettre adressée au Sénat et aux citoyens de Cotiaeon pour déplorer la disparition, à un âge avancé, du fameux grammatikos Alexandros, leur concitoyen, et ancien maître d'Aristide. Ces deux discours sont donc dans un rapport de miroir et d'oppositions (maître/élève et homme âgé/adolescent). A partir du chapitre 2 (pp. 12-30) B. nous propose un parcours à travers le discours 31. La méthode choisie pour la présentation successive des deux discours est la même, un découpage du texte et une étude de chaque partie (ainsi, pour le discours 31, les différents chapitres proposent l'analyse de l'exorde, de l'éloge, de la monôdie, de la consolation, puis de l'épilogue). Cette démarche est tout à fait judicieuse, on peut juste regretter que ces parties ne soient pas délimitées clairement (par ex. consolation = §§ 14-19), ce qui aurait balisé le parcours pour le lecteur qui découvre ces discours. On peut, dans le même esprit, regretter que, plus avant dans l'ouvrage, les textes grecs ne proposent, typographiquement, aucun paragraphe nettement visible permettant de repérer ces parties (exeption faite de l'alinéa aux § 3, or. 31 et 5, or. 32, c'est-à-dire après les exordes). On retrouve dans YEpikêdeios les parties canoniques fixées par Ménandros le rhéteur au Ile s., l'éloge, la lamentation, la consolation et l'exhortation. Comme le souligne avec justesse B., l'éloge donne l'occasion au rhéteur de manifester sa foi dans la rhétorique (la partie comporte d'ailleurs comme sous-titre: dall'elogio del defunto all'elogio délia retorica, pp. 18-22). A l'occasion de l'analyse du portrait du jeune Etéonée, on découvre la fine ana­ lyse permettant de rapprocher certains passages aristidiens avec le Thêetète Reviews 335 143e-144b et République VI, 503c-d (pp. 19-20). Dans une note du discours, p. 145,1 auteur revient d ailleurs sur la proximité entretenue par Aristide avec l'œuvre du philosophe. Dans cette partie consacrée à l'éloge de son élève, Aristide fait aussi, plus globalement, l'éloge de la paideia, élément que l'on retrouve dans le discours 32. L Epitnpluos en l honneur d Alexnndros, sur bien des points comporte des parallèles avec Yepitnphios classique, à commencer par le titre lui-même. Le rhéteur insiste à plusieurs reprises sur le caractère épistolaire de son discours...

Book Review| May 01 2010 Review: Retorica ed educazione delle élites nell'antica Roma. Atti della VI Giornata ghisleriana di Filologia Classica (Pavia, 4–5 aprile 2006), by F. Gasti-E. Romano F. Gasti-E. Romano, eds., Retorica ed educazione delle élites nell'antica Roma. Atti della VI Giornata ghisleriana di Filologia Classica (Pavia, 4–5 aprile 2006), Pavia: Ibis, 2008. 280pp. ISBN 8871642562. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 222–226. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.222 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Retorica ed educazione delle élites nell'antica Roma. Atti della VI Giornata ghisleriana di Filologia Classica (Pavia, 4–5 aprile 2006), by F. Gasti-E. Romano. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 222–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.222 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| May 01 2010 Review: The Eloquence of Mary Astell, by Christine Mason Sutherland, Rhetoric, Women and Politics in Early Modern England, by Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric, by Jennifer Richards Christine Mason SutherlandThe Eloquence of Mary Astell, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005. xxi + 202pp. ISBN 1552381536.Jennifer Richards and Alison Thorne, eds. Rhetoric, Women and Politics in Early Modern England, London and New York: Routledge, 2007. x + 254pp. ISBN 978-0-415-38527-5.Jennifer RichardsRhetoric (The New Critical Idiom), London and New York: Routledge, 2008. 198pp. ISBN 978-0-415-31436-7. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.232 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: The Eloquence of Mary Astell, by Christine Mason Sutherland, Rhetoric, Women and Politics in Early Modern England, by Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric, by Jennifer Richards. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 232–235. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.232 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Book Review| May 01 2010 Review: Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction, by Wendy Olmsted and On Eloquence, by Denis Donoghue Wendy OlmstedRhetoric: An Historical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006, 157pp. ISBN 1405117737.Denis DonoghueOn Eloquence, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2008, 197pp. ISBN 0300125410. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 238–241. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.238 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction, by Wendy Olmsted and On Eloquence, by Denis Donoghue. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 238–241. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.238 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Eros appears frequently in the four groups of Latin declamations, but two of the 19 major declamations are particularly interesting in this regard. In declamation XIV a meretrix gives her lover a hate potion and is accused of poisoning. In declamation XV we have the defense of the meretrix. These two declamations are interesting also because, together with declamations XVIII and XIX, they are the only ones which have accusation and defense, exploring similar arguments.

This article offers a thorough analysis of the issue of conjecture (στοχασμόϛ) as described in Hermogenes of Tarsus' On Issues. The rhetorician's theory is completed with the explanations from its most important exegeses: Syrianus, Sopater (Rhetores Graeci 5 Walz), Sopater-Syrianus-Marcellinus (Rhetores Graeci 4 Walz), fundamentally, and the Anonymous Commentary (Rhetores Graeci 7 Walz). Scholia are essential because they help us to understand the Hermogenic text, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. They also contribute to tracing the whole of the rhetorical tradition previous to, contemporary with, and after Hermogenes.

Book Review| May 01 2010 Review: The Rhetoric of the Conscience in Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan, by Ceri Sullivan Ceri Sullivan. The Rhetoric of the Conscience in Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. xiv + 275pp. ISBN 019954784X. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 236–238. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.236 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: The Rhetoric of the Conscience in Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan, by Ceri Sullivan. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 236–238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.236 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

In seventeenth-century France, the one context in which it was possible to publicly criticize the monarch was the pulpit. Yet, in delivering criticism, the court preacher had to avoid sounding too harsh not only for fear of giving offense but for fear the sovereign might cease listening altogether. This paper examines the rhetorical techniques by which the preacher could indirectly—and hence “safely”—criticize the king. As we see from Bossuet's “Sermon sur la prédication évangélique” (1662), far from being a simple means of cajoling, these techniques attempted to provide the preacher with the most effective means for delivering bold criticism.

Book Review| May 01 2010 Review: Arte del discorso politico, by Anonimo Segueriano Anonimo SeguerianoArte del discorso politico, edizionecritica, traduzione e commento a cura di Dionigi Vottero, Alessandria: dell'Orso editore, 2004. vi + 572pp. ISBN 8876947507. Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 226–231. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.226 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Arte del discorso politico, by Anonimo Segueriano. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 226–231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.226 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

In his avowedly Stoic De Officiis, Cicero publicizes the persuasive power of a conversational manner, a communicative style consonant with Stoicism's emphasis on human togetherness. The relationships between and among conversation (sermo), Stoicism, and rhetoric call for scrutiny, especially since in other works Cicero decries the uselessness of Stoicism to orators of res publica. By connecting Stoicism with sermo, and sermo with oratory-glory, Cicero fits Stoicism to Rome's political contours and also ushers future leaders of public affairs into both rhetorical and philosophical conversation—mild-mannered modes of discourse—during a politically turbulent time.

Other| May 01 2010 Addresses of Contributors to this issue Rhetorica (2010) 28 (2): 242–243. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.242 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Addresses of Contributors to this issue. Rhetorica 1 May 2010; 28 (2): 242–243. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2010.28.2.242 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2010 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

In his avowedly Stoic De Officiis, Cicero publicizes the persuasive power of a conversational manner, a communicative style consonant with Stoicism’s emphasis on human togetherness. The relationships between and among conversation (sermo), Stoicism, and rhetoric call for scrutiny, especially since in other works Cicero decries the uselessness of Stoicism to orators of res publica. By connecting Stoicism with sermo, and sermo with oratory-glory, Cicero fits Stoicism to Rome’s political contours and also ushers future leaders of public affairs into both rhetorical and philosophical conversation—mild-mannered modes of discourse—during a politically turbulent time.

232 RHETORICA Christine Mason Sutherland, The Eloquence of Mary Astell, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2005. xxi + 202pp. ISBN 1552381536; Jen­ nifer Richards and Alison Thorne, eds., Rhetoric, Women and Politics in Early Modern England, London and New York: Routledge, 2007. x + 254pp. ISBN 978-0-415-38527-5; Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric (The New Critical Idiom), London and New York: Routledge, 2008.198pp. ISBN 978-0-415-31436-7 If early modern men were educated to speak, then early modern women were educated (if at all) to be silent, and the three books under review add to the still growing pile in which modern feminist historians—educated, of course, to be highly articulate—try to negotiate this difficult and troubling fact. They do so in various ways. Christine Sutherland, for example, presents the learned and prolific Mary Astell (1666-1731) as a remarkable exception to the rule. As she is the first to admit, even those enlightened humanist figures who had argued for female education in the sixteenth century did not go so far as to allow women to speak in public or to argue in print. Rather, they endorsed a silence that was, in Sutherland's words, "the feminine equivalent of the masculine virtue of eloquence" (p. 18). In spite of this cultural discour­ agement, however, and a class position that offered her no privileges to speak of, Mary Astell devoted her life to writing—and publishing—a series of re­ ligious, philosophical, and political works. Sutherland's main justification in presenting her subject as above all else a "practising rhetorician" (p. 53) is her claim that, in the course of her writing career, Astell moved from the relatively private genre of sermo to the more public genre of contentio, these two literary modes being gendered as "feminine" and "masculine" respec­ tively. In terms of Astell's publications—which range from works published in the letter format (such as her—originally private—correspondence with John Norris, published anonymously as Letters Concerning the Love ofGod, or her Serious Proposal to the Ladies, addressed to high-ranking women) to what were effectively treatises addressed to a wider reading public (such as Some Reflections upon Marriage, The Christian Religion, or her political pamphlets), this is not particularly contentious. There are times, however, when I think Sutherland overstates her case. The fact, for example, that Astell adapts her style and tone according to her destined audience—developing a "tender" and "maternal" voice when addressing a specifically female readership, and a more strident, argumentative one for everyone else—certainly demon­ strates a sensitivity to and understanding of decorum on her part, but is not in itself the major contribution to rhetorical theory that is claimed for it. This book also shows a (sometimes explicit) tendency toward self-reflection: that is to say, what makes Astell so remarkable a figure—and the natural choice of subject for a book of this kind—seems to be precisely the wav in which she comes to exemplify the feminist writer (otherwise so absent from the early modern scene) and to mirror the feminist academic who is writing or reading about her. Thus Astell's correspondence with Norris, for Reviews 233 example, is said to be an experience of further education that we might compare with the modern graduate school" (p. 42), and to have the same qualities as most good tutorial relationships" (p. 48); the letter-writing that she cultivated was the early modern equivalent of publishing in "learned journals (p. xx, citing with approval an article by Judith Rice Henderson). In her political pamphlets Astell emerges as the model scholar who "had read all the relevant books and documents, had studied all the arguments, and above all was thoroughly familiar with the historical background" (p. 117). By the end of the book, Astell is presented as being of "benefit" to "modern feminist scholars" precisely because she is "one of the earliest of their kind" (p. 153). This is not in any way to diminish Astell's achievement, of course, but only to raise the concern that, in situations where the reader is invited to identify with the subject in hand, a degree of critical distance might be...

226 RHETORICA«non é forse in grado di riproporre ... ¡'atmosfera di amichevole e proficua discussione dell'incontro di Pavía» ma certo ne richiama efficacemente la memoria a chi fu presente e offre agli altri un valido strumento scientifico. Carla Castelli Universitá degli Studi di Milano Anónimo Segueriano, Arte del discorso político, edizione cri­ tica, traduzione e commento a cura di Dionigi Vottero, Alessandria: delPOrso editore 2004, vi + 572pp. ISBN 8876947507 Questa edizione dell'tfrs rhetorica dell'Anonimo Segueriano segue a breve distanza di tempo quella di Dilts-Kennedy (cfr. M. R. Dilts-G. A. Kennedy, Two Rhetorical Treatises from the Roman Empire: Introduction, text and translation of the Arts of Rhetoric attributed to Anoni/mus Seguerianus and to Apsines ofGadara, Leiden-New York-Kôln 1998). Dionigi V., ricercatore di filología classica presso l'Université di Torino, ha dedicato lunghi anni alio studio di questo trattato e del suo anonimo autore, ma non ha potuto dare le ultime cure al volume perché è scomparso prematuramente. Della revisione finale dell'opera si sono occupati Lucio Bertelli e Gian Franco Gianotti (pp. V-VI). Non deve sorprenderé che nel breve volgere di pochi anni siano apparse due nuove edizioni dell'ars rhetorica dell'AS soprattutto perché nello stesso periodo si è ridestato un notevole e crescente interesse per la manualistica retorica tardo-imperiale, non piú considerata come una sterile stilistica destínala a ripetere gli schemi e le dottrine di été classica. Per giunta, il trat­ tato dell'AS si segnala per l'ampiezza dei suoi contenuti: presenta, infatti, un corso di retorica completo, organizzato secondo le parti del discorso, ed inoltre costituisce fonte indiretta utile a ricostruire il testo di alcuni manuali di grande rilievo nella tradizione retorica, purtroppo andati perduti. II manuale dell'AS si presenta, infatti, come un'esposizione della precettistica relativa alie parti del discorso, realizzata in base alia tradizione tecnografica prece­ dente; si fonda in particolare sui testi di Alessandro di Numenio, Neocle ed Arpocrazione, dei quali vengono riportate definizioni e dottrine. Rispetto alia scarna edizione di Dilts-Kennedy, quella di V. è senza dubbio piú completa e innovativa in termini di cura filológica e commento del testo. Davvero ponderosa è l'introduzione nella quale V. affronta i problemi piú spinosi relativi al testo: identité dell'autore, data di pubblicazione del trattato, struttura e finalité del medesimo. V. prende posizione in mérito a tutte le tematiche discusse, conducendo un'indagine molto rigorosa, suffragata da un notevole apparato di fonti che talora risultano essere troppo estese, appesantendo piuttosto che facilitando il loro utilizzo. Cosí Patillon, Anonyme de Séguier, Art rhétorique, texte établi et traduit par AL Patillon Reviews 227 (Paris. Les Belles Lettres, 2005), XCIX: «c est un travail solide et très (trop?) documenté au quel on se reportera utilement» . Si puô trovare un sunto delle principali argomentazioni proposte dallo studioso nella lecensione all edizione di V. a cura di R. Romano («Una nuova edizione critica dell'Anonimo Segueriano» , Vichiana 8 (2006): 144-50). Si rimanda ad essa per avéré un'utile scheda di lettura del volume. In questa sede, invece, si intende affrontare alcuni problemi fondamentali concernenti il testo dell'AS che meritano un ulteriore approfondimento in seguito alla pubblicazione da parte di Patillon di una nuovissima edizione critica del trattato, i cui risultati contrastano moite volte con gli esiti delLindagine di V. Appare dunque opportuno riesaminare alcuni punti dell'argomentazione di V. alla luce delle analoghe considerazioni proposte da Patillon. Titolo. La prima questione ad essere oggetto di controversia è il titolo del trattato dell'AS. La tradizione manoscritta reca il titolo τέχνη τού πολι­ τικού /.όγου ήτοι 0ικ7.νικού. V. ritiene doveroso espungere il riferimento al discorso giudiziario perché costituisce verosímilmente una glossa aggiunta al testo dal copista per specificare che i precetti del manuale non si limitano al solo discorso politico, ma interessano anche il genere giudiziario. Attraverso un'analisi rigorosa della tradizione retorica coeva all'AS, lo studioso con­ clude a ragione che l'espressione πολιτικός λόγος era di per sé sufficiente ad indicare il discorso oratorio in generale, ben al di là del semplice riferimento al genere deliberativo. Del resto, i manuali di Apsine, Ps. Aristide e una sezione del de ideis di Ermogene recano...

This article offers a thorough analysis of the issue of conjecture (στοχασμός) as described in Hermogenes of Tarsus’ <i>On Issues</i>. The rhetorician’s theory is completed with the explanations from its most important exegeses: Syrianus, Sopater <i>(Rhetores Graeci</i> 5 Walz), Sopater-Syrianus-Marcellinus <i>(Rhetores Graeci</i> 4 Walz), fundamentally, and the Anonymous Commentary <i>(Rhetores Graeci</i> 7 Walz). Scholia are essential because they help us to understand the Hermogenic text, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. They also contribute to tracing the whole of the rhetorical tradition previous to, contemporary with, and after Hermogenes.

Eros appears frequently in the four groups of Latin declamations, but two of the 19 major declamations are particularly interesting in this regard. In declamation XIV a meretrix gives her lover a hate potion and is accused of poisoning. In declamation XV we have the defense of the meretrix. These two declamations are interesting also because, together with declamations XVIII and XIX, they are the only ones which have accusation and defense, exploring similar arguments.

236 RHETORICA Ceri Sullivan. The Rhetoric of the Conscience in Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. xiv + 275pp. ISBN 019954784X On her Web page at the University of Bangor, where she is Reader in English, Ceri Sullivan says about her publications, 'Language most shows a man: speak that I may see thee/ Jonson's confi­ dence in his ability to read through the rhetoric is a constant challenge to me in research, and my three monographs have browsed, sheeplike, over this terrain. The first [1995] dealt with whether one may persuade oneself in devotion, focusing on Catholic texts (Dismembered Rhetoric: En­ glish Recusant Writing 1580-1603). The second [2002] mused over how a merchant represents himself and reads others' representations in the real and dramatic markets (The Rhetoric ofCredit: Merchants in Early Mod­ ern Writing). A third asks whether, if the conscience is structured as a language, the consequence of the divine I AM is YOU AREN'T ... The answer to the question posed in the most recent book is this: not necessarily—or even, on the contrary. An effort to reconcile one­ self with God may lead to tears and stylistic excess. But as Sullivan shows, it also may lead to an increased awareness of the human, the other-than-divine, parts of the self. Because actions of the self in prob­ ing its inferiority employed the devices and strategies of language, rhetorical analyses of resulting documents—poetry especially—are deeply revealing about the nature of that self. In dealing with the role of the conscience in Seventeenth Century writing, Sullivan has included in her purview analysis as well as genesis, the actions of interpreting discourse as well as responding to it. In choosing as her chief examples members of what used to be called "the school of Donne," she has picked three for whom the actions of the self in attending to what the poets thought might very well be the voice of God are both problematic and significant. Of these three, Donne has the most complicated relation to the nature of the self, to his own ego—or at least it's fashionable to think so these days when we have several studies adverting to Donne's fear of death as mainly a fear of losing his individuality, his very selfhood among the faceless and innumerable dead. The conscience, so the Seventeenth Century believed, is an innate moral sense planted in our inferiority by God. Because that sense was usually thought of as a voice, the conscience was accordingly structured as a language, and rhetoric figures in it of necessity. Literally so, as Sullivan shows. Rhetoric is present in such devices and strategies as syllogism, snbjectio, enigma, antanaclasis, aposiopesis, 237 Reviews chiasmus, to cite only those named in her chapter heads. These devices and strategies show up in discourse when one confronts, negotiates with, or advises others about that invariably troublesome inner voice. Donne debated with that voice in his poems and as priest overtly addressed the conscience of his parishioners. "Peace pratler, do not lowre" begins Herbert's poem Conscience. Vaughan found his own conscience "darting" and "full of stabs and fears" (The Relapse). "Donne, Herbert, and Vaughan," writes Sullivan, "spend much time peering curiously at their consciences, wondering who it is who is confessing to guilt" (p. 17). But these confrontations with the conscience are not re-examined simply as literary features, certainly not as psychological or moral cu­ riosities. One leaves Sullivan's book having learned as much about rhetoric and intellectual history as about the poetry of this period— perhaps even more about the former than the latter. Protestantism with its emphases on virtually unaided approaches to God and on in­ dividual responsibility toward divine law set the tone for a period in which—for the first time, Sullivan insists—judicial rhetoric was em­ ployed to deal with the conscience, a rhetoric the poems often show breaking down. As indicated, each chapter centers on a particular de­ vice or strategy, in something of the following progression, to skim briefly over the chapters. Stuart manuals described the conscience in legalistic terms; casuists invariably formed their discussions as syllo­ gisms. Torturing the...

238 RHETORICA readings of a wide range of poems" but what she offers are read­ ings of details in passages, best grasped if the reader has nearby a copy of the poems from which the passages are drawn; and her "wide range" actually encompasses a scope of poetry and prose well beyond the writers named in her somewhat misleading title, per­ haps disappointing those readers expecting more concentration on the three poets while gratifying other readers seeking context. Finally, she slights the enthymeme, breezily conflating its characteristics with those of the syllogism; and it's improperly indexed, too. But these are minor matters, and they wither in the face of the importance of this book, the point of this review. If Sullivan's "ter­ rain" is vast, her browsing is neither aimless nor "sheeplike." Quite the reverse, she offers innovative, sustained, and illuminating rhetor­ ical analyses centering on a vital subject in our intellectual history: the conscience, once structured as a language and once considered dialogic in nature. Her effort "to read through the rhetoric" as well as her ability to share that knowledge with others teaches us much about our history and about our rhetoric, too. Thomas O. Sloane University of California, Berkeley Wendy Olmsted, Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006,157pp. ISBN 1405117737; Denis Donoghue, On Eloquence, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2008, 197pp. ISBN 0300125410 Wendy Olmsted's Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction is a welcome addi­ tion to this field of study. As the introduction explains, her book is distinctive because it understands that rhetoric is "a practical art of deliberation" that is best "taught and learned through historically specific examples of argument and interpretation" (p. 1). She explores how the art of deliberation changes across time, from Aristotle to Jane Austen, from Roman oratory to contem­ porary legal training in the U.S. This is a wide-ranging book. It offers case studies of thinkers and writers who represent the changing fortunes of this art, including Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine, Machiavelli, Francis Bacon, John Milton, and Jane Austen. In its exploration of more recent work, the book's emphasis is on expositors of the rhetorical tradition in the U.S., including Wayne C. Booth, Stephen Greenblatt, Eugene Garver, Danielle S. Allen, and Edward H. Levi. The focus of this study develops from Olmsted's longstanding interest in inventio. She begins by exploring how Cicero adapts Aristotle's rhetorical Reviews 239 categories, ethos, pathos and logos, to give greater prominence to sympathy, and she considers how Augustine uses techniques of rhetorical invention to serve the ends of biblical interpretation. All later writers are judged in the light of this early history: thus, Jane Austen's "skill" in defining the values that shape Anne Elliot s world in Persuasion, and which prevent her from being heard, are "understood in terms of the classical (Aristotelian and Ciceronian) emphasis on common beliefs as the premises for rhetorical arguments" (p. 98). In addition, Olmsted understands that works concerned with the theory of rhetoric are also "works of rhetoric" (p. 1). This is one of the strengths of this book, as well as one of its innovations: Olmsted offers genuinely insightful and thought-provoking readings of the different ways in which Cicero, Machiavelli, and Bacon "use rhetorical topics to teach their readers how to deliberate about particular ethical and political dilemmas" (p. 48) and to challenge the wav they think. Thus, Olmsted not only attends to Cicero's rhetorical writings, De inventione and De oratore, hut also explores the rhetoric of his philosophical work, namely De offieiis, and in so doing she breaks down easy assumptions about Cicero's idealism, and Machiavelli's opportunism. Two of the most important topoi that Cicero explores, for example, are the "honourable" and the "expedient." Much of De offieiis is concerned with the relationship be­ tween them. But his understanding of these terms, and their relationship to each other, varies as a result of the examples he offers. He offers no easy definitions, but rather requires the reader to deliberate, to work out how to behave honourablv and expediently in different situations. Machiavelli shares this strategv of exploring, developing and challenging commonplace thinking with...