Abstract In his commentary on Cicero,De inventione, Grillius gives Cicero'spro Tullio as an example of the genus obscurum causae and identifies the occultatio negotii as the distinction of this type of exordium. This article argues that the occultatio negotii is an ironic form ofdissimulatio, by which the orator hides the real object of the debate and clouds the issue, drawing the attention of the judges to points not directly connected with it. This oratorical tactic is used by Cicero in thepro Tullio. Avoiding the real issue (the clash between Tullius' and Fabius' slaves), the orator focuses on a juridical problem (the meaning ofdolus malus) and appears as a defender of thevoluntas legis, opposing the (supposed) legal formalism of the antagonist.

Research Article| August 01 2005 Review of James P. Zappen, The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition Kay Halasek Halasek Kay Halasek Halasek Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2005) 23 (3): 299–301. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.3.299 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kay Halasek Halasek; Review of James P. Zappen, The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition. Rhetorica 1 August 2005; 23 (3): 299–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.3.299 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract Scholars have seldom explored relationships among Lord Kames's legal career and writings and Elements of Criticism. After considering why Kames did not write a rhetoric of legal advocacy, I argue that Kames's legal career and writings offered precedents for Elements in three areas: fulfilling social aspirations, using principles of human nature for pedagogical purposes, and using a mode of reasoning that involved abstracting principles from particular cases. I provide a more complete understanding of theElements and suggest that aims and methods of Scots law may have penetrated eighteenth-century Scottish rhetorics more broadly.

Research Article| August 01 2005 Review of Claude La Charité, La rhétorique épistolaire de Rabelais; Luc Vaillancourt, La lettre familière au XVIesiècle. Francis Goyet Francis Goyet Francis Goyet 27 rue Nicolet 38100 Grenoble FRANCE francis.goyet@wanadoo.fr Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2005) 23 (3): 297–299. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.3.297 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Francis Goyet; Review of Claude La Charité, La rhétorique épistolaire de Rabelais; Luc Vaillancourt, La lettre familière au XVIesiècle.. Rhetorica 1 August 2005; 23 (3): 297–299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.3.297 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract Kenneth Burke's important 1934 essay “My Approach to Communism” is often read as “a commitment to Communism” celebrating the movement. A typescript (recently discovered in the Kenneth Burke Papers) of a speech given by Burke in January, 1934 invites a reconsideration of “My Approach.” The speech, delivered to the New York John Reed Club, is concerned with finding a solution to America's contemporary economic and social derangements and is more committed to this search and the desired effects of social change than any specific political system or party. Resituating “My Approach to Communism” as a revised and abridged version of this speech encourages a re-reading of the essay as an extended critique of capitalism and an argument for social conditions that foster cultural stability for art's sake.

Abstract Exorcism incorporates all three branches of classical rhet\-oric: judicial (as in a trial, accusing the demon for his actions); deliberative (exhorting the demon to depart); and ceremonial or epideictic (praising the power of God and blaming Satan for taking possession of a human soul). The structure of a typical exorcism follows the classical arrangement of exordium,narratio, divisio,refutatio, probatio, andperoratio. The speaker is the exorcist, a Catholic priest who was often classically educated. There are five audiences in any given exorcism, three supernatural and two human, and each of these requires specific rhetorical strategies.

Exorcism incorporates all three branches of classical rhetoric: judicial (as in a trial, accusing the demon for his actions); deliberative (exhorting the demon to depart); and ceremonial or epideictic (praising the power of God and blaming Satan for taking possession of a human soul). The structure of a typical exorcism follows the classical arrangement of exordium, narratio, divisio, refutatio, probatio, and peroratio. The speaker is the exorcist, a Catholic priest who was often classically educated. There are five audiences in any given exorcism, three supernatural and two human, and each of these requires specific rhetorical strategies.

In his commentary on Cicero, De inventione, Grillius gives Cicero’s pro Tullio as an example of the genus obscurum causae and identifies the occultatio negotii as the distinction of this type of exordium. This article argues that the occultatio negotii is an ironic form of dissimulatio, by which the orator hides the real object of the debate and clouds the issue, drawing the attention of the judges to points not directly connected with it. This oratorical tactic is used by Cicero in the pro Tullio. Avoiding the real issue (the clash between Tullius’ and Fabius’ slaves), the orator focuses on a juridical problem (the meaning of dolus malus) and appears as a defender of the voluntas legis, opposing the (supposed) legal formalism of the antagonist.

Reviews 299 son seul guide pour l'étude de la dispositio, et que pour Yelocutio ce sera le seul Hermogène, dont il n'avait pas encore parlé. Laissons ici le fait que ces deux décisions seraient vraiment difficiles à justifier d'un point de vue historique (Du Tronchet se souvient-il encore de Fabri? connaît-il déjà Hermogène?). Le choix de Fabri conduit à des platitudes du côté de la dispositio: nous n'avons pas besoin de lui pour apprendre qu'une lettre a un début, un milieu et une fin, même rebaptisés respectivement «cause», «intention» et «conséquence»; et Vaillancourt ne relève pas que, chez Fabri, la «conséquence», qui est la conclusion du syllogisme, peut se trouver ailleurs qu'à la fin, ce qui est tout l'intérêt de ce vocabulaire. Quant à Hermogène, si ce choix permet de bien plus fines remarques sur Yelocutio, on reste parfois sceptique: caractériser les lettres de Pasquier par la deinotès est ne pas savoir ce que désigne celleci —Pasquier n'est pas «habile» comme Démosthène au seul motif qu'il sait s'adapter à ses correspondants. De façon plus générale, la difficulté fondamentale réside dans l'image de la rhétorique qu'ont les deux ouvrages. Comme de nombreux littéraires aujourd'hui, seiziémistes ou non, leur culture rhétorique se limite à Yelocutio et, dans une moindre mesure, à Yethos. Inversement, ils ne sont pas à l'aise avec la dispositio ou avec les passions, ni même avec l'argumentation ou logos (que Vaillancourt réduit aux exempta et autres autorités). Pour la dispositio, seul La Charité ose deux analyses de lettre complète, d'ailleurs stimulantes (p. 101-106), et pour les passions Vaillancourt appelle amitié (avec renvoi à Aristote, Rhétorique, II, 4) ce qui à l'évidence relève de la gratia (p. 294, «je ne veux en rien estre ingrat...» = Aristote, II, 7). Plus fondamentalement encore, tous deux voient dans l'épistolaire le lieu où il y aura le moins de rhétorique, ce mot même ayant sous leur plume le sens trop convenu de formalismes obligés. La lettre «familière» serait, enfin, un espace de sincérité dénué de toute «rhétorique»: l'extrême du sermo déconstruit, face à l'extrême de Yoratio ou discours construit. Avec un tel présupposé, que démentent constamment et l'époque et les corpus étudiés, il n'est pas pour surprendre qu'on arrive mal à dégager du typologique réutilisable. Redisons pour finir combien ces difficultés mêmes sont instructives, car elles renvoient le lecteur de Rhetorica à une des questions fondatrices de cette revue: jusqu'où peut-on appliquer la rhétorique ancienne à des textes qui a priori en étaient informés de part en part? Francis Goyet Université Stendhal, Grenoble James P. Zappen, The Rebirth of Dialogue: Bakhtin, Socrates, and the Rhetorical Tradition (Albany: SUNY Press, 2004), viii + 229 pp. In the roughly twenty years of scholarship on Bakhtin and rhetorical studies, Rebirth ofDialogue stands as the first and only book-length discussion 300 RHETORICA of dialogue as it informs both the early Socratic dialogues and the work of Mikhail Bakhtin. That rhetorician and Bakhtin scholar Jim Zappen would undertake the project is not surprising, for Bakhtin himself provides the impetus for the comparative study, citing the Socratic dialogue as a protonovelistic genre. Zappen does not, however, simply construct a series of correspondences between the two thinkers' perspectives on dialogue; rather, he examines the Socratic in terms of the Bakhtinian, noting the points at which a Bakhtinian reading of the early dialogues extends and enriches our understanding of them as "testing and contesting and creating" innovative ideas during a tumultuous fifth century bce (32). The opening chapter situates the central question of the relationship be­ tween rhetoric and dialogue within twentieth-century rhetorical and philo­ sophical studies. It also presents a central premise of the argument: the early Socratic dialogues illustrate a significant and complex cultural tension between the arete ("excellence" born of birth, status, and courage) of the Homeric tradition and a newer...

Scholars have seldom explored relationships among Lord Kames’s legal career and writings and Elements of Criticism. After considering why Kames did not write a rhetoric of legal advocacy, I argue that Kames’s legal career and writings offered precedents for Elements in three areas: fulfilling social aspirations, using principles of human nature for pedagogical purposes, and using a mode of reasoning that involved abstracting principles from particular cases. I provide a more complete understanding of the Elements and suggest that aims and methods of Scots law may have penetrated eighteenth-century Scottish rhetorics more broadly.

Reviews Claude La Charité, La rhétorique épistolaire de Rabelais, Québec, Édi­ tions Nota bene, 2003, 305 p.; Luc Vaillancourt, La lettre familière au XVIe siècle. Rhétorique humaniste de l'épistolaire, Paris, Champion, 2003, 459 p. Ces deux ouvrages contemporains ont de nombreux points communs, outre le fait que les auteurs sont collègues à l'université du Québec: même objet, même démarche théorique, et finalement mêmes difficultés, au de­ meurant très instructives. L'objet est l'épistolaire, ou plutôt, à l'intérieur de ce vaste champ, la«lettre familière» en prose. Luc Vaillancourt examine en autant de chapitres un corpus de cinq recueils de lettres, qui couvre à peu près le XVIe siècle: d'Hélisenne de Crenne, les Epistresfamilières et invectives de madame Helisenne; s ___ d'Etienne du Tronchet, les Lettres Missives et Familières; de Gaspar de Saillans, le Premier livre qui contient des «lettres missives familièrement escrittes au vray»; des dames des Roches, mère et fille, les Missives; enfin d'Étienne Pasquier, les Lettres. Claude La Charité, lui, examine les dix-sept lettres écrites par Rabelais ou par ses personnages: d'un côté les lettres dédicatoires, celles d'Italie et celles à des amis; de l'autre la lettre de Grandgousier à son fils au moment où Picrochole envahit leur royaume, l'échange épistolaire entre Gargantua et Pantagruel au Quart Livre (chap. III) et la fameuse lettre sur le plan des études (Pantagruel, VIII). Comme ce petit corpus rabelaisien est peu homogène, en lisant La Charité on a comme avec Vaillancourt une sorte d'aperçu de bon nombre de types de lettres pratiquées à la Renaissance, dans leur diversité parfois déroutante. La démarche théorique est bien résumée par la présence au titre, dans les deux cas, du mot rhétorique. Il s'agit de savoir de quelle catégorie relève telle ou telle lettre et, par là, de l'analyser plus judicieusement. Un des grands intérêts de ces deux ouvrages est leur référence commune au Grant et vray art de pleine rhétorique (1521) de Pierre Fabri. Vaillancourt considère que la taxinomie de Fabri pour la diuisio «rend compte de manière adéquate de l'ensemble des divisions que l'on retrouve dans les lettres de l'époque». De son côté, La Charité donne en annexe un très précieux «tableau récapitulatif de la rhétorique épistolaire de Fabri» qui détaille les 48 sortes de lettres décrites par celui-ci—les autres annexes de La Charité sont tout Rhetorica, Vol. XXIII, Issue 3, pp. 297-301, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2005 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, atwww.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. 298 RHETORICA aussi utiles (même tableau pour la rhétorique épistolaire d'Érasme, et cinq préfaces d'arts épistolaires). Mais Fabri n'est pas la seule référence, bien entendu. Les deux ouvrages commencent très classiquement par un tour d'horizon de la théorie épistolaire alors disponible, de l'Antiquité à Érasme, sans oublier pour la Renaissance toute une série d'auteurs peu connus. Le tour d'horizon chez La Charité mentionne pour mémoire l'Antiquité et le Moyen Âge (p. 15-79), là où Vaillancourt les considère en détail (p. 39-188), tout en allant jusqu'à la fin du XVIe siècle, comme l'y invite son corpus. On ne peut que se féliciter de ce regain d'intérêt pour l'épistolaire, qui s'inscrit dans un courant plus vaste - voir en amont Marc Bizer, Les lettres romaines de Du Bellay, aux Presses de l'Université de Montréal en 2001, et en aval Guy Gueudet, L'art de la lettre humaniste, chez Champion en 2004. On ne peut aussi que louer le recours à la rhétorique pour rendre compte des...

Kenneth Burke’s important 1934 essay “My Approach to Communism” is often read as “a commitment to Communism” celebrating the movement. A typescript (recently discovered in the Kenneth Burke Papers) of a speech given by Burke in January, 1934 invites a reconsideration of “My Approach.” The speech, delivered to the New York John Reed Club, is concerned with finding a solution to America’s contemporary economic and social derangements and is more committed to this search and the desired effects of social change than any specific political system or party. Resituating “My Approach to Communism” as a revised and abridged version of this speech encourages a re-reading of the essay as an extended critique of capitalism and an argument for social conditions that foster cultural stability for art’s sake.

Abstract Chen Kui published theWen Ze, The Rules of Writing) in 1170. Chinese scholars commonly describe this as the first systematic account of Chinese rhetoric. This paper will place the Wen Ze in its historical and rhetorical context and provide a translation and discussion of key extracts from the book. In providing a summary of the key points of The Rules of Writing, this paper presents the main principles of Chinese composition and rhetoric as laid out by Chen Kui. It will also provide evidence that rhetorical styles are a product of their times. Like fashions, they flourish and fade and then flourish again.

Research Article| May 01 2005 Review of Riccardo Maisano, Cantici di Romano il Melodo Laurent Pernot Laurent Pernot Universit\'e Marc Bloch, UFR Lettres, Le Portique, 14 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France pernot@umb.u-strasbg.fr Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2005) 23 (2): 205–207. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.2.205 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Laurent Pernot; Review of Riccardo Maisano, Cantici di Romano il Melodo. Rhetorica 1 May 2005; 23 (2): 205–207. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.2.205 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract The Rhetorica christiana of the Franciscan Diego Valadés is connected with the world of emblematology and artificial memory. The treatise is examined from the standpoint of history and politics. Finally, guidelines are laid down for an exhaustive study of his work with regard to encyclopedism and hieroglyphic writing.

Research Article| May 01 2005 Review of Simonetta Nannini, Analogia e polarità in similitudine. Paragoni iliadici e odissiaci a confronto Raffaele Grisolia Raffaele Grisolia Via Carlo Alberto 59, 84073 Sapri (Salerno), Italia grisolia@unina.it Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2005) 23 (2): 203–205. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.2.203 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Raffaele Grisolia; Review of Simonetta Nannini, Analogia e polarità in similitudine. Paragoni iliadici e odissiaci a confronto. Rhetorica 1 May 2005; 23 (2): 203–205. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.2.203 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract Western rhetoric began to influence Japan during the Meiji era (1868–1912). The influence can be seen in three representative elocution books that depended on such Western elocutionary theorists as James Rush, Gilbert Austin, and William Russell and dealt extensively with gesture, posture, and voice control for emotional effect. Despite these books, Western elocutionary rhetoric did not make any lasting changes in the Japanese rhetorical tradition because of its excessive artificiality.

Reviews 205 esplicitati per somiglianza o per differenza. Se ne puó concludere che ad ogni soggett° é associato un particolare significato, noto all'aedo e al pubblico, al punto che non é nemmeno necessario esplicitarlo, e al tempo stesso che ogni soggetto puó essere condensato o esteso, raramente ripetuto idéntico, piú spesso rielaborato con fini diversi. Nel terzo capitolo vengono prese in considerazione sia una serie di similitudini particolari, prevalentemente odissiache, definite 'con rovesciamento', in cui i termini dell'antitesi non appaiono né contrari né complementari, ma l'uno necessario all'esistenza dell'altro, che le similitudini con spostamento del punto di vista o del focus. La funzione di entrambe appare diversa fra i due poemi. NelYIliade esse in certo senso, integrando il testo, indirizzano il pubblico, facendo si che possa istituire rapporti e stabilire analogie che la narrazione non esplicita, mentre nelYOdissea, a motivo probabilmente di un plot piú intricato e strutturato a vari livelli, nella loro elaborazione si puó riconoscere all'opera una sensibilit á autoriale che non si limita a suggerire analogie non dichiarate ma anzi, avvalendosi di un gioco di somiglianze sottolineate, si serve delle similitu­ dini, frutto, sotto l'apparente fulmineitá, di una laboriosa premeditazione fórmale e strutturale con il loro punto di vista 'sfalsato', le sovrapposizioni che LA. definisce quasi da 'spostamento' onírico, la sostanziale infedeltá nei particolari e la 'veritá' psicológica ad esse sottese, per produrre una risposta emotiva che si fissi nella memoria del pubblico investendo la totalitá del suo universo narrativo. Completano il volume una ricca bibliografía, un indice dei luoghi citati e un indice delle cose e delle parole notevoli. Alcuni refusi sono fácilmente sanabili dal lettore stesso. Raffaele Grisolia Universita Federico Jí, Napoli Riccardo Maisano, Cantici di Romano il Melodo. Torino: Unione Tipografico -Editrice Torinese (Classici Greci: Autori della tarda antichitá e dell'etá bizantina), 2002. 2 volumes, 646 + 668 pages. Romanos dit "le Mélode" (c'est-à-dire "le Poète") a composé en grec, au VIe siècle après J.-C., environ soixante hymnes, longs chacun d'une dizaine de pages en moyenne. Né en Syrie, il séjourna à Beyrouth, puis s installa à Constantinople, où il fut proche de la cour impériale et où il exerça peut-être quelque fonction sacerdotale. A sa mort, il était célèbre, sa réputation étant due à la forme hymnique particulière qu'il avait créée, le kontakion (au pluriel kontakia). Il fut sanctifié et l'Eglise grecque le fête le 1er octobre. Le kontakion est composé d'un bref préambule, suivi d'une série de strophes, en nombre variable (de onze à quarante), présentant toutes un même schéma métrique, déterminé par le nombre des syllabes et la place des accents. Les lettres initiales des strophes forment des mots, suivant le 206 RHETORICA procédé de l'acrostiche, pour indiquer le nom de l'auteur ou le sujet du poème (on trouve souvent, par exemple, TOT TAÜEINOT PQMANOT = de l'humble Romanos). Chaque strophe se conclut par un refrain, qui reste le même tout au long du poème. Les kontakia étaient chantés dans les églises au cours de l'office, à l'occasion des principales cérémonies du culte. Destinés à l'instruction re­ ligieuse du peuple chrétien, ils portent sur les grands épisodes de l'histoire sainte, dont ils relatent le déroulement et expliquent la signification. Un trait caractéristique de Romanos est la dramatisation et la mise en scène du récit. La doctrine est marquée par le monophysisme. Parmi les nombreuses publications existant sur Romanos, il faut rappe­ ler les travaux de J. Grosdidier de Matons, éditeur du texte dans la collection "Sources chrétiennes" de 1964 à 1981. Helléniste éminent, savant aux multiples compétences, embrassant plu­ sieurs domaines de spécialité - l'Antiquité tardive, la philologie testa­ mentaire, la littérature byzantine -, éditeur déjà de l'orateur-philosophe Thémistios en 1995 pour les "Classici UTET", Riccardo Maisano présente ici le fruit d'un travail énorme et novateur. Ces deux gros volumes donnent le texte complet de Romanos, avec des...

The Rhetorica Christiana of the Franciscan Diego Valadés is connected with the world of emblematology and artificial memory. The treatise is examined from the standpoint of history and politics. Finally, guidelines are laid down for an exhaustive study of his work with regard to encyclopedism and hieroglyphic writing.

Chen Kui (陈骥) published the Wen Ze (文则), The Rules of Writing) in 1170. Chinese scholars commonly describe this as the first systematic account of Chinese rhetoric. This paper will place the Wen Ze in its historical and rhetorical context and provide a translation and discussion of key extracts from the book. In providing a summary of the key points of The Rules of Writing, this paper presents the main principles of Chinese composition and rhetoric as laid out by Chen Kui. It will also provide evidence that rhetorical styles are a product of their times. Like fashions, they flourish and fade and then flourish again.

Reviews Simonetta Nannini, Analogía e polaritd in similitudine. Paragoni iliadici e odissiaci a confronto (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 2003), 141 pp. La varietá di funzioni rivestita dalle similitudini nei poemi omerici costituisce un campo d'indagine ampiamente esplorato e che ha dato frutti talora importanti, peraltro puntualmente esaminati e ricordati dall'A. Non sola­ mente espediente retorico che accompagna e scandisce i tempi dell'azione épica, contribuendo al funzionamento del testo con compiti di interconnessione tra le partí o di anticipazione di esiti, spia di scarti tra materiale ereditato e rielaborazioni, tra collocazione tradizionale e contesto mutato di fruizione, segnale di quei meccanismi tipici che riguardano l'aspetto della ricezione del testo da parte di un pubblico che assiste alia performance aedica, la similitudine, sia breve che estesa, come mette in rilievo LA., pertiene anche ad un modo di pensiero analógico che appare per la prima volta in Omero ed Esiodo, per poi diventare un aspetto costitutivo del pensiero filosófico greco agli albori. Per LA. la singolaritá del processo mentale sotteso a molte similitudini omeriche esaminate nel volume é costituito dal suo essere insieme analógico e polare, per cui a diventare particolarmente significative finiscono con Lessere non le analogie piü evidenti ed esplicitamente istituite dal poeta fra comparatum e comparandum, quanto le divergenze, che a volte attengono ad un livello piü superficiale - come ad esempio quelle che prevedono mutamenti di scenari, e si possono anche ascrivere al desiderio di variatio o di mutamenti nel contesto narrativo - ma che altre volte sono meno fácilmente collocabili nella loro utilizzazione dei tratti antitetici che le costituiscono. E anche il rapporto tra i due poemi, gli interrogativi che pone la 'competizione' ingaggiata dall'Odissea con Ylliade, le apparenti riprese odissiache nelYIliade paiono all'A. potersi rapportare a due diversi modelli di ragionamento alLopera nei poemi e in quest'ámbito, se non risolvibili, almeno esplicabili. Naturalmente tutto ció é strettamente connesso con una rilevante questione: la persistenza delLimpronta di una personalitá autoriale al lavoro che si lascia intravedere in operazioni del genere, specie da quando si é cominciato a porre attenzione non tanto e non solo al processo di comprensione di metafore e similitudini da parte del ricevente, e alLeffetto da essi prodotto, ma anche al processo della loro formazione da parte delbemittente e ai meccanismi psicologici che Rhetorica, Vol. XXIII, Issue 2, pp. 203-207, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2005 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press s Rights and Permissions website, at www.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. 204 RHETORICA lo sottendono, elementi che non sono sfuggiti alia manualistica retorica sia antica che moderna. Su questo versante ha ottenuto finora il massimo di attenzione da parte degli studiosi la 'memoria', sulla quale del resto gli stessi poemi pongono l'accento, anche se recentemente si é cominciato a prendere in considerazione 1' 'immaginazione' dell'emittente quale momento genera­ tivo di taluni elementi di 'poética' esplicitati nell'Odissea ma complessi da ricavare, e percid forse piú intrigant!, neWIliade. A partiré da questi interro­ gate l'A. raccoglie e analizza puntualmente le similitudini che presentano elementi di polaritá neWIliade e neWOdissea, con un preciso rinvio alia biblio­ grafía pertinente che su queste tematiche si é andata nel tempo stratifícando, pur se incentrata quasi esclusivamente sulla sola Made, dove il fenómeno si lascia piú fácilmente decodificare in termini di opposizione tra guerra e pace. Il volume consta di una Introduzione, nella quale vengono enunciati i temi che qui per esigenza di brevitá sono stati solo sfiorati, di tre capitoli, che costituiscono altrettante sezioni all'interno delle quali sono organizzati e discussi i passi raccolti, e di una Conclusione, nella quale viene ripreso il problema del rapporto fra i due poemi e dei loro tratti distintivi, che l'A. non tratta mai in maniera superficialmente netta ma sempre con attenzione a mettere in rilievo le sfumature, le complessitá e le gradazioni che la delicata materia comporta. I tre capitoli sono strutturati in maniera uniforme, con un parágrafo introduttivo, in cui si da conto della bibliografía...

Western rhetoric began to influence Japan during the Meiji era (1868–1912). The influence can be seen in three representative elocution books that depended on such Western elocutionary theorists as James Rush, Gilbert Austin, and William Russell and dealt extensively with gesture, posture, and voice control for emotional effect. Despite these books, Western elocutionary rhetoric did not make any lasting changes in the Japanese rhetorical tradition because of its excessive artificiality.

Abstract This article is based on a general principle: the study of a fragmentary author should begin with a study of the sources. The particular subject is Cicero as a source for Theophrastus' rhetorical doctrine. The works On Invention, On the Orator andOrator are considered one after the other. The reliability of Cicero is tested by comparing what is said about Aristotle with what we read in the existingRhetoric. Grounds for caution will be found. In the case of Theophrastus, we shall discover that Cicero does have value as a source, but his value should not be overstated. The reports are often quite general and sometimes they involve Ciceronian additions.

Abstract In Aristotle's works, the adjective ηθικός has two principal meanings: it can, namely, refer to (1) whatever is relative to ήθος, or (2) whatever is capable of expressing ήθος. This latter sense is what the present study proposes initially to delineate, by endeavoring to evaluate precisely the nature and meaning of ήθος as it is implied in each use of the adjective. This analysis will permit a subsequent isolation of the of the particular senses illustrated in the three occurrences of ηθικός which appear in the passages of the Rhetoric devoted to the λέξις of oratory. (Rhet. III, 7, 1408 a 11, 1408 a 25, et III, 1413 b 10). In effect: (1) when the notion of λέξις ηθική involves the ήθος of the speaker, the semantic extension of this latter term exhibits certain divergences, not only with regard to the way it is characterized in the rest of the treatise, as in the definition of πίστις εν τώι ήθει τού λέγοντος, but also with regard to the doctrine in the Ethics; (2) the way in which Rhet. III, 12 conceives of υπόκρισις—with which λέξις ηθική has close and privileged associations—implies a traditional, non-Aristotelian conception of ήθος. Taking into accound the discordant character of the three above-mentioned instances provides a new resource for critical studies devoted to questions about the dating and unity of the Rhetoric.

Abstract This paper presents a critical assessment of Vives's major rhetorical treatise, De ratione dicendi (1533). In terms of structure it shows that the first book is concerned with the linguistic basis of style, that the second deals with the qualities of style, the four aims of rhetoric, decorum and disposition and that the third presents guidance on composing ten genres of writing practised by humanists. The paper describes Vives's original contributions to the analysis of the linguistic basis of style, the qualities of style, emotional manipulation, decorum, and the composition of history and commentary. In assessing Vives's work it makes comparisons with rhetoric texts by Agricola, Erasmus, Melanchthon, and Ramus. It finds that Vives's reform of rhetoric is based in his encyclopaedic grasp of human learning but that this very encyclopaedism can cause weaknesses in his discussions of particular topics. De ratione dicendi tells us a great deal about Vives's perceptiveness and breadth of reading but, with only three sixteenth century editions, it was not a successful textbook.

Research Article| February 01 2005 Review of Aristotele, Retorica e Poetica, a cura di Marcello Zanatta, Torino, UTET, 2004, pp. 836 Giancarlo Abbamonte, Giancarlo Abbamonte Via Nicola Maria Salerno, 1 84127 - Salerno Italia, giannamar@libero.it; 670, rue de Bourgogne, 21410 Pont-de-Pany, France, michel.bastit@wanadoo.fr Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Agnès Bastit-Kalinowska Agnès Bastit-Kalinowska Via Nicola Maria Salerno, 1 84127 - Salerno Italia, giannamar@libero.it; 670, rue de Bourgogne, 21410 Pont-de-Pany, France, michel.bastit@wanadoo.fr Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2005) 23 (1): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.1.93 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Giancarlo Abbamonte, Agnès Bastit-Kalinowska; Review of Aristotele, Retorica e Poetica, a cura di Marcello Zanatta, Torino, UTET, 2004, pp. 836 . Rhetorica 1 February 2005; 23 (1): 93–101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2005.23.1.93 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Reviews Aristotele, Retorica e Poética, a cura di Marcello Zanatta, Torino, UTET, 2004, pp. 836 Anche se l'ultima versione italiana con commento della Retorica di Aristotele vede la luce insieme al testo della Poética, la presente scheda si concentrerá solo sulla parte dedicata alia Retorica. Il volume, stampato come sempre in maniera impeccabile dalla UTET, si apre con una «Premessa» comune alie due opere (pp. 8-12): segue la parte dedicata alia Retorica, che comprende una lunga «Introduzione» storico-filosofica al testo (pp. 15-120), un'accurata ed assai aggiornata «Nota Bibliográfica», ripartita in sezioni (pp. 121-37), alia quale si puó aggiungere la recente versione tedesca, Aristóteles, Rhetorik, übersetzt und erláutert von C. Rapp, Berlin 2002; segue la traduzione della Retorica accompagnata da note esplicative per alcuni passi (pp. 139-378), un «Sommario» degli argomenti di ogni capitolo dell'opera (pp. 379-442), e una serie di utilissimi «Indici» della Retorica, posti alla fine del volume: «Indice dei nomi di persona, di divinité e di popoli» pp. 695-700,«Indice dei nomi geografici» pp. 701-2, «Indice delle opere espressamente cítate nella Retorica» p. 703, «Indice dei termini e delle espressioni notevoli» pp. 705-66, «Indice delle equivalenze greco-italiano» pp. 767-89. La semplice presentazione di questa massa di materiale chiarisce l'obiettivo di Z., che con quest'opera non ha solamente fornito al pubblico italiano una nuova versione della Retorica, ma ha voluto anche approntare una sorta di Companion alla Retorica, da cui qualunque tipo di lettore italiano potesse partiré per trarre semplici informazioni o per svolgere ricerche sugli aspetti piú svariati di questo fondamentale testo aristotélico. Si puó subito dire che la parte del volume dedicata alia Retorica ha plenamente raggiunto l'obiettivo che il curatore dell'opera e il prestigio della collana si sono prefissi: questa versione della Retorica ambisce a sostituire, dunque, la canónica, ma ormai invecchiata traduzione di Armando Plebe apparsa in Aristotele, Opere, vol. X, Barí, Laterza, 1973, e la piú recente edizione e traduzione, curata da M. Dorati, con un'introduzione di E Montanari, Milano, Mondadori, 1996. Nella «Premessa», Z. presenta e discute con meticolosa precisione tutti gli argomenti che consigliano oramai di trattare separatamente la Retorica e la Poética: in particolare, giusto risalto è dato alla differente finalité che si propongono le due opere, Puna, la Retorica, collegata alie opere dialettiche e rivolta al problema del raggiungimento di un sapere vero o almeno Rhetorica, Vol. XXIII, Issue 1, pp. 93-101, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2005 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at www.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. 93 94 RHETORICA verisimile, l'altra, la Poética, estranea al ragionamento sulla veritá e ínteressata al problema dell'imitazione e della conformitá dell'opera letteraria a certi canoni di perfezione artística. Tuttavia, pur di fronte ad argomenti cosí cogenti, viene da pensare che la forza della tradizione abbia avuto ragione degli argomenti filosofici, se alia fine Z. e la casa editrice UTET hanno pur sempre ritenuto utile confermare l'accoppiamento di Retorica e Poética, che sono poste tradizionalmente vicine in coda al corpus aristotélico sin dalle edizioni del Cinquecento, in quella Ottocentesca di I. Bekker (5 voll. Berlín, 1831-1870), e che compaiono insieme anche nella precedente opera italiana di divulgazione del pensiero aristotélico che fu la traduzione Laterziana delle opere dello Stagirita (11 voll. nella collana "Filosofi antichi e medievali", Barí 1973, poi ristampati nella "Biblioteca Universale Laterza", Barí 1983), in cui Retorica e Poética erano riunite nel décimo volume. In realtá, il problema della disposizione della Retorica all'interno del corpus delle opere aristoteliche non é affatto esteriore, ma riguarda l'interpretazione generale da daré al trattato e la collocazione teórica da assegnargli all'interno del pensiero dello Stagirita. Infatti, sin dalla sua apparizione neirOccidente medievale alia fine del XIII sec. la Retorica ebbe problemi di assestamento nel patrimonio cultúrale e scolastico europeo: a differenza delle opere di l...

Reviews 97 proposito dell inizio délia Retorica (Arist. Rhet. 1354al—11), puo forse serviré a rendere piú evidenti queste mié osservazioni: La retorica è controcanto alia dialettica. Entrambe, infatti, hanno per°ggetto alcune «nozioni» di genere tale che in un certo modo, come«nozioni» comuni, è proprio di tutti quanti conoscere e che non sono peculiari di nessuna scienza determinata. Percid tutti in un certo modo partecipano di entrambe, giacché tutti fino a un certo punto intraprendono e a saggiare un discorso e a sostenerlo e a difendersi e ad accusare. Tra i più, dunque, gli uní compiono queste cose senza método, gli altri per una consuetudine che deriva da un abito. Ma poiché è possibile in ambedue i modi, è chiaro che si potrá compierle anche con una via. In effetti, è possibile scorgere la causa, ossia ció per cui realizzano lo scopo sia quelli che «operano» in forza di una consuetudine, sia quelli che «operano» per caso, e tutti ormai converranno che tale «compito» è opera di un'arte. (Trad. ital. di Marcello Zanatta, p. 141) La retorica è analoga alia dialettica: entrambe riguardano oggetti che, in certo modo, è proprio di tutti gli uomini conoscere e non di una scienza specifica. Perciô tutti partecipano in certo modo a entrambe; tutti infatti sino a un certo punto si occupano di indagare su qualche tesi e di sostenerla, di difendersi e di accusare. Senonché la maggior parte fa ció spontaneamente, alcuni invece lo fanno per una pratica che proviene da una disposizione. Poiché sono possibili entrambe le cose, è evidente che è possibile anche in questa materia delineare un método; è possibile infatti ricercare la causa per cui riescono sia coloro che lo fanno per pratica sia coloro che lo fanno spontaneamente, e tutti concorderanno che questo è il compito di un'arte. (Trad. ital. di Armando Plebe, in Aristotele, Retorica, Barí, Laterza, 19832, p. 3) Comunque, queste considerazioni sulla versione di Z. non inficiano il va­ lore complessivo del suo lavoro, che resta quantitativamente poderoso, di notevole livello scientifico e meritorio per il prezioso e aggiornato strumento scientifico e bibliográfico che ha messo a disposizione del pubblico italiano. Giancarlo Abbamonte University di Napoli Federico II L'ouvrage recensé ici est, comme on le voit par ses dimensions, une«Somme» récente consacrée aux trois Livres de la Rhétorique ainsi qu'au Traité de la Poétique d'Aristote. Conformément au principe de la Collec­ tion des «Classiques UTET», il s'agit de présenter la traduction—sans texte original, donc—de textes de référence, entourés d'un appareil scientifique plus ou moins important selon les auteurs. Ce nouveau volume des Œuvres 98 RHETORICA d'Aristote livre un immense et précieux travail réalisé par le philosophe et savant qu'est Marcello Zanatta, qui assume également la traduction. Après une brève présentation d'ensemble (de 6 pages), 105 pages d'étude générale, complétées par 17 pages de bibliographie introduisent la traduction an­ notée des Livres de la Rhétorique, puis, dans une seconde partie, 117 pages d'introduction, complétées par une bibliographie de 23 pages, précèdent le texte traduit et annoté de la Poétique. L'ensemble est enrichi d'une qua­ rantaine de pages d'indices. Comme on le voit donc, on a affaire ici, non seulement à des instruments de travail très riches, mais pratiquement, avec ces deux introductions substantielles, à deux livres théoriques où Marcello Zanatta propose sa lecture des Traités et met en discussion les interprétations modernes (de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle principalement, dans les domaines anglo-saxons, germaniques et latins). Ainsi, les conceptions du commentateur se répartissent entre trois pôles, entre lesquels un jeu de ren­ vois permet de circuler: les études préliminaires, leurs notes souvent très développées et l'annotation complétant sa traduction. L'auteur, qui unit une double culture juridique et philosophique, est spécialiste d'Aristote, dont il a déjà traduit et commenté plusieurs ensembles, en particulier l'imposant sexténaire de YOrganon dans la même Collection des Classiques UTET: Aristotele, Organon, a cura di Marcello...

L’adjectif ηθιϰός possède dans les traités d’Aristote deux significations principales: il peut en effet renvoyer à (1) ce qui est «relatif à Ι’ἦθος», ou à (2) ce qui est «capable d’exprimer Ι’ἦθος». C’est ce que la présente étude se propose de démontrer dans un premier temps, en s’efforçant de préciser chaque fois la nature et la valeur de Ι’ἦθος ainsi impliqué dans l’emploi de cet adjectif. Cette analyse permet, dans un deuxième temps, d’isoler le sens particulier que recouvrent les trois occurrences d’ἠθιϰός figurant dans les développements de la Rhétorique consacrés à la λέξις des discours (Rhét. III, 7, 1408 a11, 1408 a 25, et III, 1413 b 10). En effet: (1) si la notion de λέξις ἠθιϰή implique l’ήθος de l’orateur, l’extension sémantique de ce dernier terme manifeste des écarts, non seulement par rapport à la façon dont il est caractérisé dans le reste du traité (Rhét. I–II et III, 13–19) à travers la définition de la πίστις ἐν τῷ ἤθει τoῦ λέγοντος, mais aussi par rapport à la doctrine des Éthiques; (2) la façon dont Rhét. III, 12 conçoit Ι’ὐπόϰρισις—avec laquelle la λέξις ἠθιϰή entretient des liens privilégiés—suppose une conception traditionnelle et non aristotélicienne de la notion d’ἦθoς. La mise en évidence du caractère discordant de ces trois occurrences fournit à la littérature critique consacrée aux questions de la datation et de l’unité de la Rhétorique un indice supplémentaire à exploiter.

This article is based on a general principle: the study of a fragmentary author should begin with a study of the sources. The particular subject is Cicero as a source for Theophrastus’ rhetorical doctrine. The works On Invention, On the Orator and Orator are considered one after the other. The reliability of Cicero is tested by comparing what is said about Aristotle with what we read in the existing Rhetoric. Grounds for caution will be found. In the case of Theophrastus, we shall discover that Cicero does have value as a source, but his value should not be overstated. The reports are often quite general and sometimes they involve Ciceronian additions.

This paper presents a critical assessment of Vives’s major rhetorical treatise, De ratione dicendi (1533). In terms of structure it shows that the first book is concerned with the linguistic basis of style, that the second deals with the qualities of style, the four aims of rhetoric, decorum and disposition and that the third presents guidance on composing ten genres of writing practised by humanists. The paper describes Vives’s original contributions to the analysis of the linguistic basis of style, the qualities of style, emotional manipulation, decorum, and the composition of history and commentary. In assessing Vives’s work it makes comparisons with rhetoric texts by Agricola, Erasmus, Melanchthon, and Ramus. It finds that Vives’s reform of rhetoric is based in his encyclopaedic grasp of human learning but that this very encyclopaedism can cause weaknesses in his discussions of particular topics. De ratione dicendi tells us a great deal about Vives’s perceptiveness and breadth of reading but, with only three sixteenth century editions, it was not a successful textbook.

Research Article| November 01 2004 Review of Peter Mack, Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric and Courtliness in Early Modern Literature Richard Dutton Richard Dutton The Ohio State University' 164 W. 17th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA dutton.42@osu.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2004) 22 (4): 404–407. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.404 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Richard Dutton; Review of Peter Mack, Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric and Courtliness in Early Modern Literature. Rhetorica 1 November 2004; 22 (4): 404–407. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.404 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| November 01 2004 Review of L'art de parler: Anthologie de manuels d'éloquence, Philippe-Joseph Salazar, ed. Eugene Garver Eugene Garver Saint John's University, Collegeville, MN 56321, USA egarver@csbsju.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2004) 22 (4): 401–403. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.401 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Eugene Garver; Review of L'art de parler: Anthologie de manuels d'éloquence, Philippe-Joseph Salazar, ed.. Rhetorica 1 November 2004; 22 (4): 401–403. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.401 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

AbstractThis essay examines the inconsistencies in the discussion of proofs in Rhetoric 1.1 and 1.2. Recent commentators have attempted to reconcile these inconsistencies by claiming that ethos and pathos are to be understood as rational, inferential, or cognitive aspects of Aristotle's conception of rhetorical proof, thus linking the proofs in 1.2 to those in 1.1. In sharp contrast, I contend that the rift between the two conceptions of rhetorical proofs is even greater than most commentators acknowledge. I argue that there are two completely different conceptions of rhetorical proofs that cannot be reconciled in these two sections of the Rhetoric, that the inconsistencies are due to the tumultuous transmission and editorial history of the corpus Aristotelicum (and not to any of Aristotle's developmental views on rhetoric), and that the transmission and editorial history of the text needs to play a much more important role in our interpretation of the Rhetoric than it has hitherto.

Research Article| November 01 2004 Review of [Quintiliano], La città che si cibò dei suoi cadaveri (Declamazioni maggiori, 12), a cura di Antonio Stramaglia. Antonella Borgo Antonella Borgo Dipartimento di Filologia Classica “F. Arnaldi”, Via Porta di Massa 1 80133 Napoli, ITALYborgo@unina.it Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2004) 22 (4): 403–404. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.403 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Antonella Borgo; Review of [Quintiliano], La città che si cibò dei suoi cadaveri (Declamazioni maggiori, 12), a cura di Antonio Stramaglia.. Rhetorica 1 November 2004; 22 (4): 403–404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2004.22.4.403 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © The International Society for the History of Rhetoric Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract The Lady's Rhetorick is a well-developed rhetorical handbook for women that appears in print at a surprising time and place in British rhetorical history, when there were few precedents for rhetorical treatises addressed to women. This rare and relatively unknown handbook includes a feminist argument for the inclusion of women within the realm of rhetoric, through addressing its instruction to women, defining rhetoric in gender-inclusive ways, and including examples of women's rhetorical practice. It adapts Classical and French rhetorical traditions through strategies that are potentially effective with its female, English audience. Thus its publication was a bold and strategic contribution to women's and men's rhetorical culture within the context of contemporary gender ideology and educational change. The handbook's uniqueness and rarity should be viewed by scholars as the tip of an iceberg, signaling that a significant amount of women's informal rhetorical practice and education could have been acknowledged in its own time as “rhetorical.”

This essay examines the inconsistencies in the discussion of proofs in Rhetoric 1.1 and 1.2. Recent commentators have attempted to reconcile these inconsistencies by claiming that ethos and pathos are to be understood as rational, inferential, or cognitive aspects of Aristotle’s conception of rhetorical proof, thus linking the proofs in 1.2 to those in 1.1. In sharp contrast, I contend that the rift between the two conceptions of rhetorical proofs is even greater than most commentators acknowledge. I argue that there are two completely different conceptions of rhetorical proofs that cannot be reconciled in these two sections of the Rhetoric, that the inconsistencies are due to the tumultuous transmission and editorial history of the corpus Aristotelicum (and not to any of Aristotle’s developmental views on rhetoric), and that the transmission and editorial history of the text needs to play a much more important role in our interpretation of the Rhetoric than it has hitherto.

404 RHETORICA grado le scarse attestazioni oratorie dal momento che questa pseudoquintilianea é, accanto alia XIII declamazione di Libanio, l'unica che possediamo sull'argomento. Per questo motivo un'importanza preponderante viene assegnata nella declamazione al pathos, al conseguimento del quale concorre un ampio uso del color poeticus: le scelte linguistiche ed espressive richiamano ampiamente Virgilio e Ovidio, un po' meno di frequente Seneca trágico, la cui memoria era tuttavia ineludibile dato il rilievo concesso all'argomento nel Thyestes. Di notazioni di carattere lingüístico e intertestuale (in qualche caso indispensabili a comprendere un testo non privo di oscuritá nella sua paradossalitá: cf., ad es., la n. 46 a proposito di 5, 2) é ricco il commento che tuttavia, come indica lo stesso S., «non si propone come un commento esaustivo , ma come un sussidio per l'intellezione di un testo sempre impegnativo, spesso arduo» (p. 30): rivolto agli studenti oltre che agli studiosi, esso offre perció la traduzione delle citazioni greche e anche di quelle latine che non siano immediatamente comprensibili (come dei titoli stessi delle opere dalle quali sono tratte). II tono del commento, come quello della traduzione, che privilegia uno stile colloquiale, é piano ed esplicativo, con frequenti delucidazioni del senso generale del periodo, il che, al di la dell'informazione, rende il volume chiaro e di piacevole lettura. II testo seguíto, in attesa di quello criticamente riveduto dallo stesso S. di tutte le Declamationes maiores, con traduzione e note, di prossima pubblicazione per i tipi dell'UTET, é quello di Hákanson (1982), seppure con un maggior numero di modifiche rispetto al primo volume della serie; la bibliografía é ampia e aggiornata al 2003. Antonella Borgo Universita Federico II (Napoli) Peter Mack, Elizabethan Rhetoric: Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), xi + 326 pp. Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric and Courtliness in Early Modern Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), vi + 212 pp. When Ben Jonson, then at the height of his reputation, visited William Drummond of Hawthornden in the winter of 1618/19, he was not slow to offer the Scots poet advice. Among his more forceful admonitions we find: "He recommended to my reading Quintilian (who, he said, would tell me all the faults of my verses as if he had lived with me)" and "that Quintilian's 6, 7, 8 books were not only to be read, but altogether digested." The precise resonance of this will be lost on most modern readers, but much of it could readilybe recovered by consulting Peter Mack's excellent Elizabethan Rhetoric. There we find that in the early modern period "University statutes require the study of classical manuals of the whole of rhetoric. At Cambridge where the first of the four years stipulated for the BA was devoted to rhetoric, the set Reviews 405 texts were Quintilian, Hermogenes, or any other book of Cicero's speeches" (p. 51). The name of Quintilian is indeed so familiar that it is unnecessary to spell out that the precise reference is to his Institutio oratoria, second only to books by Cicero (or the pseudo-Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herrenium) among the libraries of deceased Oxford and Cambridge scholars in the era. If the Institutio was not the prescribed text-book, it seems commonly to have been one of the principal authorities cited to support the one that was (pp. 52-3). Moreover, when we examine the English-language rhetoric manuals of the time, by such as Thomas Wilson, William Fulwood, and Angel Day, we find that they are all ultimately based on the classical Latin style manual, "found principally in Rhetorica ad Herrenium book IV and Quintilian's Institutio oratoria, books VIII and IX" (p. 77). So Jonson was not quite telling his host to go back to his grammar school studies - Quintilian was more advanced than their curriculum. But he was sending him back to one of the fundamental university style manuals of the day - which may not have been entirely tactful of him. Mack explains that his book "aims to contribute to the history of read­ ing and writing by showing how techniques learned in the grammar school and at university (largely through the study of classical literary texts) were used in...

This article argues that contrary to modern assumptions Hermagoras may not have discussed the epicheireme. And if he did, it is further maintained that he must have treated the epicheireme as an amplifying feature of style, as represented in the Rhetorica ad Herenmium, rather than as a syllogistic device, as represented in Cicero's De inventione. Until now scholars have not appreciated that the stylistic view of the epicheireme underlies the discussion of both Ad Hemmiliin and De inventione. They have failed to note that in the latter work Cicero has combined two views of the epicheireme: the original, typically rhetorical, amplifying feature of style, and a secondary argumentative-syllogistic form, which is derived from a philosophical-dialectical source.

The parliamentary diary of Sir Henry Cavendish, probably the most detailed record of speaking practices in the eighteenth- century House of Commons, confirms the claims made, from the beginnings of the rhetorical tradition, for the power of ethos as a means of persuasion. Yet precisely because it is such a valuable rhetorical resource, the parliamentarian’s character inevitably excites contradiction and dissent. Drawing on the debates reported by Cavendish, this article argues that the influence of party divisions in the later eighteenth-century House sharpened these contests for character. It concludes by illustrating the tendency of the speaker’s character, even as it is constructed in parliamentary discourse, to disclose the terms in which it may be challenged or negated.

The Lady’s Rhetorick is a well-developed rhetorical handbook for women that appears in print at a surprising time and place in British rhetorical history, when there were few precedents for rhetorical treatises addressed to women. This rare and relatively unknown handbook includes a feminist argument for the inclusion of women within the realm of rhetoric, through addressing its instruction to women, defining rhetoric in gender-inclusive ways, and including examples of women’s rhetorical practice. It adapts Classical and French rhetorical traditions through strategies that are potentially effective with its female, English audience. Thus its publication was a bold and strategic contribution to women’s and men’s rhetorical culture within the context of contemporary gender ideology and educational change. The handbook’s uniqueness and rarity should be viewed by scholars as the tip of an iceberg, signaling that a significant amount of women’s informal rhetorical practice and education could have been acknowledged in its own time as “rhetorical.”

Reviews L art de parler: Anthologie de manuels d'éloquence, Philippe-Joseph Salazar, ed., Paris, Klincksieck, 2003. xxi+362 pp. In his introduction, Salazar points with envy to the United States for the liveliness of our rhetorical tradition and practice compared with France, especially the continuous place of rhetoric in higher education. Looking with corresponding envy from this side of the Atlantic, one advantage I see in this anthology over comparable American anthologies: greater apparent continu­ ity. Greece and Rome—I was glad to see an excerpt from Tacitus, an unjustly neglected source for the history of rhetoric—lead seamlessly into the Middle Ages; Erasmus and Calvin lead to French renaissance authors such as Ramus and Amyot. We see rhetoric employed in the education of princes (Amyot, la Motte le Vayer), and diplomacy (Lancelot). The rhetoric of the academy (Patru), of lawyers (Dubois de Bretteville), of literary studies (Rollin), of bu­ reaucratic reports (Andrieux), and even how bourgeois mothers should talk and their children listen (Mme. Dufrenoy) all have their place. The continuity of French rhetoric is also nicely emphasized by selections from the rhetoric of preaching not only from medieval and renaissance authors but writers up to the 20th century (Augustine, de Basevorn, Erasmus, Calvin, Maury, Bouchage, Morice). The diversity of places where rhetoric is exercised leads to interesting insights and surprises. For example, the short excerpt from Lancelot's Le Parfait Amassadeur is entitled, "one cannot be a good ambassador without being a good orator," and draws interesting connections between, as Salazar puts it, the art of speaking and the art of speaking in the name of someone. As he says in his introduction, rhetoric from the time of Gorgias has connected the art of speaking with the art of speaking in the name of someone. We only get three pages of Lancelot (1642), and that is a translation of a work of Zuniga (1620), but the treatment of the ambassador as the complete orator is enough to raise stimulating questions about personification, representation, and disguise. It would be worth connecting this handbook for speaking in the name of someone with current rhetorical problems of how to be a representative and how to be an advocate. Similarly, the selection from Olivier Patrus' Discours de reception (1640) introduces the peculiarly French rhetorical genre of the academic oration. Intellectuals occupy a different place in French culture from their role in Rhetorica, Vol. XXII, Issue 4, pp. 401-407, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2004 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at www.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. 401 402 RHETORICA Anglophone culture, and proficiency in this genre should be part of the accounting of the difference. Unusually, this anthology does not neglect the last part of rhetoricaction or delivery—and so we see excerpts from texts on pronunciation and self-presentation. This is the first time I have ever found the art of delivery interesting. Instead of looking to politics, where rhetoric should flourish, Salazar wisely looks at where rhetoric has flourished, and produced a fascinating anthology. Some of the selections will be as unfamiliar to French readers as they are to this American one. (The editor reports that the selection from Basevorn is here translated into French for the first time.) This anthology is exciting reading not only for readers interested in learning about rhetoric in a distinct tradition, but for anyone interested in the diversity of appearances that rhetoric has taken over the ages. The theme of his introduction is, I think, at odds with this ecumenical approach to the selections themselves. Rhetoric, Salazar notes, had a demo­ cratic birth. He claims that the persuasive tradition and practical politics of the west are fused with rhetoric, eloquence, the art of speaking, the art of oratory (vii). "Democracy gives each citizen the right to defend himself, by speech, if he sees himself injured, but which imposes on others, between equal citizens, to judge the case....Speech replaces violence" (ix-x). Conse­ quently, Salazar argues, rhetoric is a phenomenon unique...

Reviews 403 of this birth that continued throughout its history, while the connections of rhetoric to democracy seem much more tenuous. Overall, I recommend L'art de parler to a non-French audience, not only because of the intrinsic interest of many of the selections, but because it gives us an opportunity to reflect on canons, their formation and significance. Eugene Garver Saint John's University [Quintiliano], La cittd che si cibo dei suoi cadaveri (Declamazioni maggiori, 12), a cura di Antonio Stramaglia. Cassino : Edizioni dell'Università degli Studi di Cassino, 2002. 239 pp. A tre anni di distanza dal primo, dedicato alFottava declamazione, se­ gué ora il secondo volume pubblicato all'interno del progetto internazionale di ricerca sulle Declaniazioni maggiori pseudoquintilianee, promosso dal Di­ partimento di Filología e storia dell'Università di Cassino. Contiene il testo, la traduzione e note di commento alia dodicesima declamazione, una delle più significative délia raccolta per la lunghezza e soprattutto per il tema scottante sul quale è costruita, quello del cannibalismo. Una temática che, come S. nota nella Premessa, se presenta connotati 'estremi', non mancava di una sua tópica in campo oratorio e, prima ancora, di una tradizione in ámbito storiografico (Erodoto) e filosófico, soprattutto stoico, a provocatoria dimostrazione del relativismo delle abitudini e dei costumi umani. Ma nella declamazione la vicenda propone la questione in sede morale più che culturale: infatti gli uomini che, stremati da una grave carestía, giungono a mangiarsi l'un l'altro per il ritardo del legato al quale avevano affidato il compito di rifornirsi di grano, sono vittime del desiderio di guadagno dell'uomo che, pur tornato entro il termine stabilito, ma attardatosi a vendere ad altri il grano raccolto a un prezzo molto conveniente, era dovuto tornare indietro a fare un nuovo rifornimento, perdendo molto tempo utile, se non a evitare, almeno a limitare gli effetti del dramma che la sua città stava vivendo. Un problema simile propone il caso, privo tuttavia di risvolti cosí drammatici, esposto da Cicerone in off. 3, 12, 50-53 (affine, credo, a quelli indicati nella n. 1 come vicini all'episodio in questione) e discusso con argomentazioni contrastanti dagli scolarchi stoici Diogene di Babilonia e Antipatro di Tarso, a proposito del venditore che approfitta del bisogno degli abitanti di Rodi, travagliata anch'essa da una carestía, per vendere il suo carico di frumento a un prezzo elevato tacendo il prossimo arrivo di altre navi cariche di viveri. Ma all'interno della produzione letteraria la presenza del tema nell'opera di Valerio Massimo (7, 6, ext. 2-3), in Petronio (141) e nella sat. XV di Giovenale , ne conferma l'evidente possibilité di sfruttamento in chiave patética e ne suggerisce una probabile, ampia presenza nella tradizione retorica, mal- 404 RHETORICA grado le scarse attestazioni oratorie dal momento che questa pseudoquintilianea é, accanto alia XIII declamazione di Libanio, l'unica che possediamo sull'argomento. Per questo motivo un'importanza preponderante viene assegnata nella declamazione al pathos, al conseguimento del quale concorre un ampio uso del color poeticus: le scelte linguistiche ed espressive richiamano ampiamente Virgilio e Ovidio, un po' meno di frequente Seneca trágico, la cui memoria era tuttavia ineludibile dato il rilievo concesso all'argomento nel Thyestes. Di notazioni di carattere lingüístico e intertestuale (in qualche caso indispensabili a comprendere un testo non privo di oscuritá nella sua paradossalitá: cf., ad es., la n. 46 a proposito di 5, 2) é ricco il commento che tuttavia, come indica lo stesso S., «non si propone come un commento esaustivo , ma come un sussidio per l'intellezione di un testo sempre impegnativo, spesso arduo» (p. 30): rivolto agli studenti oltre che agli studiosi, esso offre perció la traduzione delle citazioni greche e anche di quelle latine che non siano immediatamente comprensibili (come dei titoli stessi delle opere dalle quali sono tratte). II tono del commento, come quello della traduzione, che privilegia uno stile colloquiale, é piano ed esplicativo, con frequenti delucidazioni del senso generale del periodo, il che, al di la dell'informazione, rende il volume chiaro e di piacevole lettura. II testo seguíto, in attesa di quello criticamente riveduto dallo stesso S. di tutte le...

Reviews Quintiliano, Institutio oratoria, edizione con testo a fronte a cura di A. Pennacini, trad, e note di commento di T. Piscitelli, R. Granatelli, A. Pennacini, D. Vottero, V. Viparelli, M. S. Celentano, M. Squillante, F. Parodi Scotti, A. Falco, A. M. Milazzo, M. Vallozza, R. Valenti, voll. I-II (Torino: “Biblioteca della Pléiade" Einaudi, 2001), 1092 + 1096 pp. Lo sforzo di organizzare sistemáticamente il sapere è evidente in tutta la cultura romana del primo Impero e si esprime soprattutto in opere di tipo manualistico. Si allestiscono testi che intendono raccogliere (e insieme consacrare) il meglio delle conoscenze in un certo settore dello scibile o delle arti professionali, alio scopo di fornire al lettore un orientamento accessibile e complessivo. E del tutto ovvio che la destinazione pratica di queste sintesi tenda a indebolire la tensione teórica e lo sperimentalismo autonomo. D'altra parte, l'obiettivo stesso della completezza non favoriva certo lo sviluppo di capacité critiche: queste, anzi, appaiono ai nostri occhi sacrifícate a tutto vantaggio di una sistematizzazione delle nozioni che quasi vorrebbe prospettarsi corne definitiva. I tempi insomma appaiono sempre più maturi per lo sviluppo di summae onnicomprensive, vere e proprie enciclopedie impegnate a stilare 1'"inventario" delle conoscenze acquisite. Ecco che nel giro di un paio di decenni (fra gli ultimi anni 70 e gli ultimi anni 90) vengono pubblicate due monumentali imprese che rispondono a questa ansia di sistemazione culturale : la Naturalis historia di Plinio il Vecchio e E Institutio oratoria di Quintiliano. Ed è un altro segno dei tempi che entrambi gli autori abbiano commilitato nella lunga guerra che da tempo veniva combattuta contro la corruzione dell'eloquenza (quella guerra che qualche anno dopo vedrà schierarsi anche Tácito con il suo Dialogus de oratoribus). Si sa anzi che proprio il prolificissimo Plinio nella sua inesausta attività di oratore e storico ed enciclopedista e polígrafo trovo il tempo per un trattato intitolato Studiosus, in cui probabilmente veniva affrontato un tema non troppo diverso da quello delE Institutio oratoria quintilianea, un trattato insomma che in ultima analisi doveva essere qualcosa di simile a un manuale per studenti di retorica. Il dibattito sulla corruzione dell'eloquenza, corne si è detto, era aperto da tempo, e investiva contemporáneamente questioni morali e gusto letterario: nelle virtù e nei vizi dello stile si vedevano riflessi virtù e vizi del carattere. Rhetorica, Vol. XXII, Issue 3, pp. 297-304, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2004 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at www.ucpress.edu/journals/rights.htm. 298 RHETORICA In época flavia era particolarmente acceso il dibattito fra i diversi orientamenti dell'oratoria: l'arcaizzante, il modernizzante, il ciceroniano. Quintiliano scelse di essere il vessillifero di una reazione classicista impegnata contro il Nuovo Stile, vale a dire contro quell'eloquenza "corrotta" di cui Seneca era ai suoi occhi il principale esponente e insieme il maggiore responsabile. Impostato appunto in termini moralistici, il problema délia degenerazione dell'eloquenza si presento come l'altra faccia di quella generale degradazione dei costumi che storici e filosofi andavano da tempo denunciando. Anche il decadimento délia scuola e la vacuità stravagante delle decíamazioni retoriche, ormai entrate nel gusto corrente, costituivano una conseguenza diretta - e per altro verso una causa produttiva - dell'attuale stato di corruzione dell'oratoria. Ma per Quintiliano il rimedio esisteva ed era anche efficace: bisognava solo rinnovare l'insegnamento dell'oratoria e délia retorica. Uomo di larga esperienza scolastica, egli era profondamente (e forse anche un po' troppo ingenuamente) convinto dell'efficacia dell'educazione. Né d'altronde era troppo difficile per lui vincere questa battaglia, giacchè, ridotti ormai in pochi i seguaci del Nuovo Stile senecano, si andava ormai profilando un ritorno al classicismo: a Quintiliano toccava solo di perfezionare il processo di mutazione del gusto e di darne i fondamenti teorici. Forse sopravviveva ancora l'esigenza di condannare alcuni intollerabili residui délia stravaganza modernista (intollerabili agli occhi del vecchio professore di retorica, che pure non fu mai un classicista intransigente, e seppe anzi...

A close examination of the manuscript tradition of the treatise περί σχημάτων (On figures), attributed by Walz to Zonaios, demonstrates that not everything Walz published in volume eight of his Rhetores graeci can be taken at face value.

Machiavelli’s advocacy of force and fraud in the conduct of politics is the key teaching that has secured his reputation as “Machiavellian” and that has led to the conception of The Prince as the first document in the Western tradition to lay bare the dark, demonic underside of civic humanism. But this interpretation overlooks the degree to which a politics of intense competition and personal rivalry inhabits the humanist vision from antiquity, producing an ethics of expediency and a rhetoric of imposture that seeks to mask its alertness to advantage behind the guise of integrity and service. This vision is nowhere more apparent than in Cicero’s De Oratore, which exerted a powerful influence on the Italian humanists of the quattrocentro in whose direct descent Machiavelli stands. Deception, to put it simply, is an acknowledged and vital element in civic humanism long before The Prince. The difference is that Cicero typically couches it in a sacrificial rhetoric that is euphemistically inflected while Machiavelli opts for a hard-edged rhetoric of administrative efficiency to make his case. But the stylistic differences, important as they are, should not mask the essential affinity between the Machiavellian doctrine of princely fraud and the Ciceronian ethics of gentlemanly dissimulation.

Reviews 301 Quintilian and the Law: The Art of Persuasion in Law and Politics, ed. Olga Tellegen-Couperus (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2003). While there is some evidence (pp. 1, 191) that the title of this book reflects its original scope (and that of the conference that underlies it), its actual contents range much more widely around the central figure of Quintilian. Many papers are entirely concerned with the history and analysis of rhetorical theory. Nonetheless, the papers concerning law are the most coherent group and, by and large, the most ambitiously argued. After making a few general observations on the whole volume and briefly treating the contents of the twenty-five individual papers, I will turn primarily to two questions regarding the utility of the Institutio Oratoria for lawyers which make up the most sustained topics of discussion. The essays collected here were written by scholars from diverse fields (law, classics, rhetoric, literary theory, comparative literature) and of diverse, mostly European, nationalities (Spain and Holland are particularly well represented). All papers have been rendered into what is for the most part very readable English. Also, despite their origin in a conference in 2001, most of the papers come equipped with the kind of scholarly apparatus one expects in a written work. Nearly all the papers treat a single book (or smaller segment of the text) as their subject, with a few verging on being running commentaries. Jorge Fernández Lopez studies sources of authority, both for texts and for persons. Serena Querzoli views Q.'s education project in the context of concrete evidence for contemporary educational practice. Tomás Albaladejo develops a theoretically informed analysis of the three genera of oratory, tying them to communicative function more than "occasion" (narrowly defined). Olivia Robinson investigates the opportunities and pitfalls of using Q. as a source for Roman law. Ida Mastrorosa argues Q.'s text is substantively shaped by his court-room experience. Giovanni Rossi discusses the reception of classical rhetoric by (mostly) seventeenth century Venetian lawyers (this piece has the least to do with Q. specifically). Belén Saiz Noeda treats the theory of proof within and according to Q., especially with respect to the use of topoi. Andrew Lewis clarifies a usually under-translated phrase at 5.13.7 by reference to the facts of legal procedure. Maria Silvana Celentano demonstrates the value of self-exemplification in book 6. Jeroen Bons and Robert Taylor Lane translate and analyze IO 6.2 from a philosophical point of view. Richard A. Katula discusses the means of exploiting emotion in venues (ancient and modern) in which that practice is normatively disfavored. José-Domingo Rodríguez Martín investigates the relative weight of oratory (especially pathos) and law in the Roman courtroom. (Katula's piece is to some extent "how to"; Rodríguez Martin's is relatively more historical.) David Pujante's discussion of status theory shows that dispositio is not just an afterthought to inventio, but is itself constitutive of interpretation. Maarten Henket advocates the use of Quintilianic strategies to bring more predictability to judicial law-making. Jan Willem Tellegen reinterprets the 302 RHETORICA casua Curiana by reevaluating the Quintilianic evidence. Francisco ChicoRico analyzes the virtues of style and their hidden connections to the other operations of rhetoric. The editor offers two contributions of her own. In one she offers a compelling rereading of a quoted sententia (8.5.19) by consideration of the legal context. In the other she gives a similarly constructed interpretation of a troubled passage at 9.2.65-6. Barend van Heusden gives a cognitive semantic account of the notion of figured discourse. James J. Murphy explains Q.'s plan for adult education. Sanne Taekema focuses more specifically on the motives behind Q.'s choice of canon, by way of a comparison with the goals of the modern Law and Literature movement. Peter Wiilfing gives an account of ancient and modern gestural culture. Esperanza Osaba tries to reconstruct the circumstance ofjudicial appeal alluded to at 11.1.76. Vincenzo Scarano Ussani shows how the Quintilianic perfect orator is fitted to the circumstances of the contemporary (i.e. imperial) community Willem Witteveen argues that Q.'s deep rhetoric...

L’article est partagé en deux parts. Dans la première on considère l’άλλοίωσις comme figure qui dans la poésie correspond au solécisme de la prose ainsi que le métaplasme correspond au barbarisme et on étudie le group des figures qui se rangent autour de l’άλλοίωσις comme <i>hysteron proteron, hyperbaton, hypallagé</i>. Car άλλoίojσtς n’indique pas seulement une figure particulière, mais aussi un group des figures, il s’agit des outilles stylistiques employés comme des étiquettes d’une façon plutôt mécanique pour obtenir des effets spéciaux. Chez les grammariens et les rhéteurs latins l’<i>hyperbaton</i> est devenu une sort de trope général pour indiquer un changement de l’ordre normal des mots. Dans la deuxième part de l’article on examine quelques exemples d’ <i>hyperbaton</i>, en particulier Horace, <i>Epistulae</i> 1, 20,25 <i>me primis urbis belli placuisse domique</i> pour démontrer comment le poète en a obtenu une double référence en faisant ainsi une discrète allusion à son service militaire dans l’armé de Brutus et à son amitié avec Mécène et Auguste.

Cette étude se propose d’analyser les relations complexes entre rhétorique et réalité par l’examen de l’utilisation du matériau traditionnel, rhétorique et mythologique, dans le groupe de poèmes nuptiaux écrits par Claudien en 398 après J.- C., et de montrer, à travers la dimension politique et religieuse de ces poèmes, comment l’emploi des topoi dans la représentation du présent s’avère à la fois miroir et masque de la réalité. On constate que, dans le domaine politique, Claudien, en consonance avec l’idéologie impériale, tend un miroir sublimé à la cour et se sert de la topique rhétorique pour masquer les zones d’ombre de la situation de l’empire d’Occident régi par Stilicon; dans le domaine religieux, le poète ignore totalement la dimension chrétienne de ce mariage, contrairement à certains autres auteurs tardifs d’épithalames, et ancre fortement sa poésie dans la tradition païenne.

REVIEW