Reviews 325 much wider rhetorical practice or whether the Sophists offered any notable contribution to these fields. T.'s book is a worthy summary of Sophistic argumentation based on a painstaking analysis of a wide selection of available texts and lucid compar­ isons with modern parallels. Unfortunately, it does not consistently address the thorny (and possibly unresolvable) methodological question of what strategies and why we could call genuinely Sophistic, so he occasionaly seems to read Aristotelian or Platonic concepts back into sophistic texts. Sometimes the line of argument is not easy to follow due to the dense pre­ sentation of facts and the book also suffers from some irritating mistakes both in the English and the Greek spelling (e.g. pp. 35, 48 or 169). However, as a rich and perceptive reappraisal of primary evidence, the study will likely to provoke strong response and stimulate further studies on the Sophists not only in classical and modern rhetoric, but in philosophy as well. Gabor Tahin Burnham, England Pseudo-Dionigi di Alicarnasso, I discorsi figurati I e II (Ars Rhet. VIII e IX Us.-RadJ. Introduzione, Traduzione e Commento a cura di Stefano Dentice di Accadia, Pisa-Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore (AION. Quaderni 14, 2010), 184 pp., ISBN 978-88-6227-220-9 Accompagnata da un'ampia Introduzione (pp. 11-50) e dal Commento (pp. 129-178), Stefano Dentice di Accadia (D.A.) propone nella collana AION. Quaderni (n. 14) la prima traduzione intégrale in italiano dei Discorsifigurati I e II (Ars Rhet. VIII e IX Us.-Rad. ) di ps.-Dionigi di Alicarnasso, basata sul testo edito, agli inizi del secolo scorso, da Usener e Radermacher (da cui D.A. si discosta in alcuni luoghi, come H vede dalla Tavola delle divergenze a p. 51), con un'ulteriore lettura del Parisinus Graecus 1741 e del suo apógrafo, il Guelferbytanus 14. L'idea di tradurre i due scritti nasce nell'àmbito degli studi di ricostruzione dell'esegesi omerica antica; l'impostazione del lavoro tende infatti a privilegiare l'aspetto della critica letteraria omerica rispetto a quello retorico. I due trattati, che analizzano una particolare técnica oratoria conosciu*a nell'antichità col nome di λόγοι ¿σχηματισμένοι, ossia un discorso in cui il pensiero non viene espresso in maniera diretta, ma in forma mascherata (come si legge nella definizione di Zoilo riportata da Febammone III, 44, 1-3 Spengel), rappresentano un unicum nella letteratura antica perché sono i soli scritti monografici nei quali la teoría è spiegata attraverso 1 analisi di esempi letterari tratti da autori greci (Omero, di cui si analizzano molti passi deïVIliade, Demostene, Euripide e Tucidide). I due trattati a e b costituiscono i capitoli VIII e IX di una Τέχνη ρητορική erróneamente attribuita a Dionigi di Alicarnasso, sulla cui paternité e datazione c'è ancora grande incertezza (si 326 RHETORICA tende a ritenere i due trattati composti tra la fine del I sec. e la prima meta del III sec. d.C., cf. Introd., p. 14 n. 19), un'opera che consiste in una raccolta di testi di retorica e di critica letteraria scollegati per lo piü tra loro, frutto di una collezione arbitraria di diversa provenienza. Potrebbe trattarsi, considerato 10 stile frettoloso e spesso inelegante delle due monografie, di testi scolastici, verosímilmente appunti dettati a vari allievi in momenti diversi (ipotesi contestata da M. Heath, Pseudo-Dionysios Art ofRhetoric 8-11: Figured Speech, Declamation and Criticism, «AJP» 124/1 [2003], pp. 81-105). D.A. non esclude che i due trattati possano essere opera del medesimo autore, né che si possano individuare mani diverse da un'opera all'altra o anche all'interno di uno stesso trattato (Introd., p. 15). L'lntroduzione si compone di un parágrafo (1) relativo alia storia della teoría antica del discorso e della causa figurati, di un parágrafo (2) dedicato all'importanza dei due trattati nel panorama del genere letterario in cui sono inquadrati, con l'illustrazione dei tre σχήματα (il parlare con tatto e decoro [μετ’ εύπρεπείας], il parlare 'per obliquo' [κατά πλάγιον], il parlare 'per contrario' [κατά τό εναντίον]) e un utile e dettagliato sunto (pp. 16-21), e di un parágrafo (3) che traccia uno status tpiaestionis degli studi sull'argomento. Nel penúltimo par...

This essay argues that Plato's use of narrative conceals within Socrates' explicit rejection of rhetoric an implicit authorial endorsement, manifested in the dialectical and rhetorical failures surrounding Socrates' deliberations over logos. I suggest that Aristotle's Rhetoric is consonant with Plato's view in its general affirmation of rhetoric's power, utility, and necessity as well as in its specific recommendations regarding logos. I employ Martin Heidegger's explication of logos in Aristotle to illuminate how the term conforms to Plato's implicit position regarding logos and rhetoric. This interpretation entails an expanded meaning of logos as it is found in Rhetoric, assigning it a more primary, pre-logical, oral content.

Reviews 207 thereby unmasking emotional frameworks that deprive others of the means to restore honor to social relations (p. 108). For many early modern authors, expression and regulation of emotion is closely tied to ethical behavior and the pursuit of justice. If readers are left wanting something from this book, it will most likely be further engagement with contemporary work on rhetoric and emotion. This is less a critique of the existing text and more a testament to the poten­ tial of further work in this area. Olmsted's close focus on the early modern period leaves ample room for studying the differences among emotional frameworks in other historical periods and provides the theoretical ground­ ing and the intellectual space in which to raise interesting and important questions about emotion and rhetoric. Scholars with interdisciplinary inter­ ests may find that Olmsted's insights into the gentle strand of persuasion have much to offer, for instance, to the contemporary study of diplomacy, the art of teaching, counseling, and to other contexts where coercion or force are considered unfit strategies for persuasion. As teachers, citizens, and friends, we are all involved in the schooling of emotion, helping others negotiate the competing emotional frameworks that determine the limits of persuasion and the shifting boundaries of the self. Just as Milton's advocacy of uncen­ sored publication supported an arena of competing truths, early modern counsel among friends supported an arena of competing emotional frame­ works. Olmsted's close attention to the early modern organization of these frameworks is both a caution and a model for how we enact persuasive, if imperfect, pedagogies of emotion. Eric D. Mason Nova Southeastern University Giancarlo Abbamonte, Lorenzo Miletti, Luigi Spina (a cura di), Dzscorsi alia prova. Atti del Quinto Colloquio italo-francese "Discorsi pronun­ cian, discorsi ascoltati: contesti di eloquenza tra Grecia, Roma ed Europa (Napoli - S. Maria di Castellabate 21 - 23 setiembre 2006), Napoli: Giannini ,2009.639 pp. ISBN 978-88-743-14-331 (http://www.fedoa.umna. it/2998/). Questo poderoso volume é il frutto di un colloquio organizzato dalle Universitá di Napoli (Federico II) e di Strasburgo, all interno dell ampio progetto, animato da un gruppo di ricerca misto italo-francese, Alie radici dell'Europa: la cultura d'assemblea e i suoi spazi (religione, retorica, teatro, politica ). Tra modelli antichi e ricezione moderna, che ha giá fornito numerosi contributi di alto valore, segnalati da L. Pernot nell'lntroduzione (p. 10). II vo­ lume fa il punto sul rapporto tra la produzione del discorso e la sua ricezione e tra contesto della performance, uditorio e oratore. 208 RHETORICA Per esigenze di brevità, segnalerô gli aspetti a mio parère più significativi e innovativi: i contributi di maggior peso saranno raggruppati temá­ ticamente, a prescindere dalla loro successione. Dopo la fine e puntúale analisi di A. De Vivo, Oratoria da camera. Il processo intra cubiculum di Valerio Asiático (Tac. Ann. XI1-3) (pp. 15-25), capace sia di illuminare le modalité di conduzione dei processi in età giulio-claudia sia di mettere in rilievo l'abilità tacitiana nel descrivere una situazione grottesca , il primo contributo di rilievo è di G. Abbamonte, Allocuzioni alie truppe: document!, origine e struttura retorica (pp. 29-46), che apre un trittico dedicato a Le allocuzioni alie truppe nella storiografia antica, - seguono: L. Miletti (Con­ test! dei discorsi alie truppe nella storiografia greca: Erodoto, Tucidide, Senofonte, pp. 47-61) e C. Buongiovanni (Il generale e il suo 'pubblico': le allocuzioni alie truppe in Sallustio, Tácito e Ammiano Marcellino, pp. 63-86). Abbamonte sottolinea come sia importante anche oggi affrontare questo argomento, perché si tratta di un genere ben lungi dall'essere estinto - purtroppo - e che, anzi, costituisce un capitolo di "storia della cultura ancora da scrivere" (p. 46). Le modalité del movere sono l'oggetto del contributo di L. Miletti, che esamina il discorso diretto di Hdt. 9,17,4, le informazioni offerte da Thuc. 4,91 e 7,69-70 e alcuni passi delle Elleniche e della Ciropedia di Senofonte. Entrando nell'annoso dibattito sulla veridicité dei discorsi nelle opere storiografiche (e soprattutto in Tucidide), Miletti si esprime per una loro rivalutazione contro Teccessivo scetticismo dimostrato per esempio da M...

This essay argues that Plato’s use of narrative conceals within Socrates’ explicit rejection of rhetoric an implicit authorial endorsement, manifested in the dialectical and rhetorical failures surrounding Socrates’ deliberations over logos. I suggest that Aristotle’s Rhetoric is consonant with Plato’s view in its general affirmation of rhetoric’s power, utility, and necessity as well as in its specific recommendations regarding logos. I employ Martin Heidegger’s explication of logos in Aristotle to illuminate how the term conforms to Plato’s implicit position regarding logos and rhetoric. This interpretation entails an expanded meaning of logos as it is found in Rhetoric, assigning it a more primary, pre-logical, oral content.

204 RHETORICA trattandoli come fígli. Gli viene proposto, come figlio di Dio, di imitare la condotta di quest'ultimo. É «la legge della liberta» . Liberta per il servizio di Dio, sancito nell'alleanza, espresso nella vita e nel culto. Dall'esodo trae origine anche il rito pasquale. Nelle epoche successive, i figli di Israele avrebbero via via composto e cantato i sette salmi della «lode di Pasqua» (Sal 113-118) e della «grande lode» (Sal 136), poi ripresi nella celebrazione famillare della festa. Attraverso «gli inni alia liberta» la parola delLuomo e quella di Dio entraño in un reciproco scambio, costitutivo del rito. E' utilmente premesso al volume un essenziale Lexique des termes techniques (pp. 17-19), sulla terminología retorica piú frequentemente utilizzata dall'A. Sommario Prefazione. I. II dono della liberta. 1. II passaggio del mare (Es 14). 2. II Canto del mare (Es 15). II. La legge di liberta. 3. II Decálogo del libro delLEsodo (Es 20,2-17). 4. II Decálogo del libro del Deuteronomio (Dt 5,621 ). 5. Perché due Decaloghi? III. Inni alia liberta. 6. «Chi é come il Signore nostro Dio?» (Sal 113). 7. «Che hai tu, mare, per fuggire?» (Sal 114). 8. «Israele, confida nel Signore!» (Sal 115). 9. «lo credo» (Sal 116). 10. «Lodate il Signore, tutti i popoli!» (Sal 117). 11. «La destra del Signore é esaltata!» (Sal 118). 12.«Si, per sempre la sua fedeltá» (Sal 136). Francesco Pieri Facoltd Teológica dell'Emilia-Romagna, Bologna Olmsted, Wendy. The Imperfect Friend. Emotion and Rhetoric in Sidney, Milton, and Their Contexts, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008. xi+293 pp. ISBN 978-0-8020-9136-9 Interdisciplinary interest in emotion as a critical category of thought has led to a range of scholarship discussing the ways in which affect permeates all discourse, shaping identity and behavior within private, professional, and public spheres. Wendy Olmsted's book, The Imperfect Friend, contributes to this conversation by exploring the rhetorical management of emotion evident in early modern texts. Focusing on the attempts of friends to persuade each other, Olmsted's exploration of the "gentle strand in the history of emotional persuasion" provides insight both into the organization of early modern affect as well as the role of emotion in rhetoric generally (p. 20). Like her other historical work, it is characterized by close attention to the textual basis for her claims about the practice of rhetoric and about early modern identity and culture. Olmsted traces a general distrust of strong emotion among early modern writers, as well as a distrust of the use of force or coercion to impose Reviews 205 agreement. Against the backdrop of these doubts and the powerful hope among Renaissance rhetoricians that public "eloquence could compel people to follow the laws" (p. 20), Olmsted identifies friendship as an alternative space where eloquence is used to gain assent and build emotional stability without the threat of coercion. Olmsted commits chapters to legal and religious discourse, poetry, justice, honor, and, finally, marriage. Tracing the rhetorical means of persuading emotion in these contexts reveals how, for instance, Protestant writers could envision "friendship ... as a model for ideal marriage" in order to promote marital harmony (p. 176). Olmsted finds social relationships represented in early modern literary texts and prose treatises as "nearly utopian site[s] where one friend appeals reasonably to the heart of the other" (p. 5). According to Olmsted, these texts display "historically and culturally specific topoi for producing [and regulating] emotion" (p. 6). Hospitality, for instance, emerges as one of the central topoi in Sidney's texts through which discourse on emotion is reproduced. Expecting an individual to be a good host no matter the context or guest, for instance, promoted the regulation of extremes of love, anger, and grief. Each era, Olmsted suggests, has its own cultural resources through which emotion is managed, resources that are an understudied aspect of rhetoric. As other scholars have concluded as well, emotion, far from being irrational, is open to persuasion. What Olmsted adds to our understanding of emotion is the way in which early modern culture made it possible for individuals to effect such persuasion through temperate means. Olmsted looks primarily...

Pasquil the Playne, a dialogue written by the English Humanist Thomas Elyot (1490–1546), was inspired by Elyot's unsuccessful experience as a counselor to Henry VIII. Seizing on this biographical context, historians have read the dialogue as a product of Elyot's disillusionment, identifying Elyot with the blunt, truth-telling Pasquil. In contrast this paper reads Pasquil the Playne as a multi-voiced Lucianic dialogue, which gives expression to several perspectives on the rhetoric of counsel. This reading problematizes questions of appropriateness (prepon) and right timing (kairos) in giving advice to a prince. Moreover, Elyot exploits the open-ended spirit of the Lucianic dialogue to attempt to develop in the reader the prudential reasoning (phronesis) essential to wise counsel.

102 RHETORICA authoritarians generally, wanted things their way, without acknowledging the criticism, flaws, or consequences of that way or how they got it." (234) Some more nuance is in order. Historians are well aware that proslavery thought ante-dated the abolitionist literature crisis of 1835, though the ampli­ tude of proslavery thought certainly increased after Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831 and became substantially more strident post 1835. Another instance is Roberts-Miller's argument that many proslavery advocates portrayed slav­ ery as anti-modern (65-67). Those tropes are certainly in the proslavery lit­ erature and historians still frequently set up the old South as a place of pre-modern values against the market-oriented North. However, much of the movement (and also the rhetoric) was about how slavery was consistent with progress. Fanatical Schemes is difficult reading. It is dense. The discussion of secondary literature sometimes seems distant from the topic under study. For instance, juxtaposed are references to Orwell and proslavery thought (41, 219), the Nazis and slavery (218-19), and histories of Native Americans and contemporary debate over the Confederate flag (46). However, for those who are interested in the power of rhetoric and the contours of conservative thought, this volume will repay well the time spent with it. Roberts-Miller relocates ideas and words to the center of historv in this J study of how slavery was discussed. The big question one has is how do the ideas expressed here relate to reality? That is, even if the proslavery arguments had been more moderate, would the path of our nation towards proslavery actions - like secession - have been different? Did words cause war? Or is the discussion of proslavery thought more a dependent variable than an independent one? As we try to answer these questions, this important book may help re-ignite the scholarly study of proslaverv thought and the power of words and ideas. Alfred L. Brophy University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill Jeanne Nuechterlein, Translating Nature into Art; Holbein, the Refor­ mation, and Renaissance Rhetoric, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011, 242 pp. ISBN:978-0-271-03692-2 In the main, the terms and syntax of early sixteenth-century criticism of art are those of classical rhetoric. Most certainly, rhetorical analysis can illumine any visual or verbal persuasive event, regardless of self-conscious authorial intent or training. And early sixteenth-century Basel was the shared context of Erasmian (and Melancthonian) rhetorical publications as well as of Holbein's early (pre-England) work. Nuechterlein very usefully explores the context and considers the parallel tactics in Erasmian rhetorical theory and practice and Holbeinian visual rhetoric. She observes that Holbein "il- Reviews 103 lustrated , or drew marginal comments" on, Myconius' copy of Praise of Folly, suggesting he read it (67). There is as well an ingenious, useful dis­ cussion of the classical anecdotes Holbein selects for the “political rhetoric" of his decorative program (now lost) of the Basel Council chamber; she also notes possible linkages of the scenes to contemporary political scandal. Still, noting that Holbein s dev otion to variety as aesthetic value resonates with Erasmus s case for the virtue of copiousness, she correctly emphasizes a source of Holbeinian variety as current artisanal practice. Nuechterlein has amassed a great deal of rhetorical information—the available theory and expressive practices—but what rhetorical use does she make of her facts? Her primary, dominating rhetorical strategy is to dichotomize: opposing Holbein's “descriptive" art to the “inventive": phys­ ical to spiritual, body to mind, objective to subjective, observation of reality to “artistic", imaginative inv ention. But are not the "descriptive" portraits “inventive"? Could not a case be made that they are powerfully innovative? True, she asserts that Holbein achiev es a “middle ground" between descrip­ tive/ inv entiv e modes; but this does not do justice to the portraits' delivery of persons simmering with intent. There is the “Young Man, Age 32", alive to the possibility of engaging the viewer; and Holbein's portrait places Thomas More as oligarch, a man of power we know as intent on the cruel repression of heretics, a repression justified in his strenuous Humanist rhetoric. On the other...

Pasquil the Playue, a dialogue written by the English Humanist Thomas Elyot (1490-1546), was inspired by Elyot’s unsuccessful experience as a counselor to Henry VIII. Seizing on this biographical context, historians have read the dialogue as a product of Elyot’s disillusionment, identifying Elyot with the blunt, truth-telling Pasquil. In contrast this paper reads Pasquil the Playne as a multi-voiced Lucianic dialogue, which gives expression to several perspectives on the rhetoric of counsel. This reading problematizes questions of appropriateness (prepon) and right timing (kairos) in giving advice to a prince. Moreover, Elyot exploits the open-ended spirit of the Lucianic dialogue to attempt to develop in the reader the prudential reasoning (phronesis) essential to wise counsel.

440 RHETORICA visivamente in maniera efficace, mediante il frequente accostamento dei testi su due colonne afffiançate. Il volume è rivolto in egual misura a studiosi di retorica e medievisti: i primi apprezzeranno l'ampio spazio dedicato al ruolo svolto dal trattato nella storia dell'ars dictaminis e ai rapporti intrattenuti con la tradizione retorica precedente nonché il piglio técnico e specialistico che caratterizza l'illustrazione delle problematiche principali proprie del genere; per i secondi risulterà intéressante la ricostruzione delle dinamiche culturali dell'ambito cassinese, lo studio del riutilizzo delle fonti e il confronto testuale con autori del tempo. In ogni caso il volume di B., grazie alla mole di informazioni fornite nei Prolegomena e nelle note, si profila come uno strumento indispensabile e imprescindibile per lo studio della retorica epistolare medievale, ma anche per quello più generale della figura di Alberico di Montecassino. Non resta che auspicare, per un testo che ne è ancora privo, una traduzione italiana, che potrebbe risultare utile per chi si accosti a quest'opera con interessi non legati esclusivamente alia storia della retorica o del Medioevo. Vera Tufano University di Napoli Federico II Mary Ellen Lamb and Karen Bamford, eds, Oral Traditions and Gender in Early Modern Literary Texts. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. 250 pp. ISBN 978-0-7546-5538-1 As its title suggests, this collection of essays includes a wide range of approaches, some distinctly literary, others verging on the sociological. It is divided into three parts. Part I, /z'Our Mothers' Maids': Nurture and Narrative," comprises four essays, Part II, "Spinsters and Knitters in the Sun," five, and Part III, "Oral Traditions and Masculinity," again five. The Introduction, by one of the editors, Mary Ellen Lamb, follows a list of brief biographies of the contributors. The Afterword is by Pamela Allen Brown. The work has a useful bibliography and a satisfactory index. The frontispiece, reproduced on page 86, is from Richard Braithwait's "Art Asleepe, Husband? A Boulster Lecture" published in London in 1588. Pages 122 and 123 show illustrations of the criers of London from the late sixteenth century, one from a woodcut and the other from an engraving. The contributors include some who are already leaders in their field and some very promising younger scholars. Most of the contributors hold po­ sitions at universities in the United States, though one is at Oxford and one at Groningen in The Netherlands. Canadian universities are well represented, with contributions from Mount Allison, Waterloo, and Guelph. A persistent consideration for those of us who work with the texts of the past is the question of how far modern theories can illuminate the practice Reviews 441 of earlier times. Although some modern theories can indeed suggest useful ways of approaching the literature of the past, there is still the ever-present danger of the kind of anachronism that treats the values of our own times as normative. Some of the essays in this collection seem to me to fall into this trap: these are for the most part exercises in misguided ingenuity, neither illuminating the texts themselves, nor establishing the usefulness of the theory. Yet some contributors use modern theory to very good effect, notably Eric Mason, whose use of Derrida's theory I shall discuss below. Many of the essays discuss classic literary texts: there are three on works by Edmund Spenser and three on plays by Shakespeare. However, some deal with texts much less generally familiar, and many of the most interesting essays are on topics closer to popular culture or social history. Notable here are two essays in Part II: Fiona McNeill's "Free and Bound Maids: Women's Work Songs and Industrial Change in the Age of Shakespeare," and Natasha Korda's "Gender at Work in the Cries of London." It is especially encouraging to see discussions of the importance of music, both in these essays and in "'When an Old Ballad is Plainly Sung': Musical Lyrics in the Plays of Margaret and William Cavendish" by James Fitzmaurice. Demonstrating as it does the importance of pathos, the use of music and also the musical element in oral discourse should be of particular interest to rhetoricians. It is impossible, given...

In Klassifikation und Anordnung der rhetori-schen Überzeugungsmittel (pisteis) weisen die Rhetorik an Alexander und die Aristotelische Rhetorik trotz ähnlicher Grundscheidung zweier Hauptklassen markante Unterschiede auf. Im Bereich der “technischen” Überzeugungsmittel steht dem hierarchisch und di-chotomisch gegliederten System des Aristoteles in der Alexander-rhetorik eine seriell angeordnete, aber dennoch konsequent durch-strukturierte Liste gegenüber. Strukturell vergleichbar sind die Ein-teilungen der “äuβerlichen” oder “untechnischen” Überzeugungsmittel, wobei in der Rhetorik an Alexander das Element der δόξα τοῦ λέγoντoς eine Sonderstellung einnimmt, von dem aus sich al-lerdings Bezüge zur Aristotelischen Kategorie des ethos herstellen lassen. Der Bereich des pathos ist erst bei Aristoteles konzeptionell stärker entwickelt.

218 RHETORICA Nancy S. Struever, Rhetoric, Modality, Modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009. 158 pp. ISBN 9780226777481 This book is not easy to characterize. In Rhetoric, Modality, Moder­ nity Nancy Struever shapes over a decade of methodological reflection on Hobbes, Vico, Peirce, and Heidegger into a bold historical argument about the limits of philosophy and our most basic modes of being. Methodologi­ cally Struever is closest to C. S. Peirce on beliefs that generate habits of action and Bernard Williams on the limits of philosophy, but ultimately her project exceeds both because it mobilizes rhetoric first, and thus it narrates from the margins with utterly novel results for our understanding of rhetorical topics, inquiry modes, politics, and history. Within the field of rhetorical studies per se Struever's work is polemic in so far as it argues the contempo­ rary historiography of rhetoric is "the location of speculative vigor" rather than the practice (p. 98). In terms of rhetoric and philosophy the work of Michel Meyer is probably closest, though Struever's historical erudition dis­ tinguishes her work along with uncommon familiarity in Anglo-American, French, German, and Italian scholarship. Though she wastes no time rehears­ ing the standard intellectual biographies or reviewing the marginal literature, Struever builds crucial elements of her argument from the ground up, defin­ ing her terms carefully and summarizing periodically'. When Struever tells us "any study of modality must attempt to deal with rhetorical operations; any rhetorician must refine his definitions of modalitv" (p. 73) we must take her seriously indeed. Struever gives us a fresh Hobbes and Vico, now central to the modern project understood in terms of new styles of inquiry, while at the same time explaining why Hobbes and Vico have been marginalized in a tradition of political philosophy that starts from the presuppositions of moral rectitude. On Struever's polemic reading, Hobbes and Vico "could challenge, from within the Anglophone, or Western, discussion, the begged questions of the hegemonous terms and propositions: an exasperating hegemony that seems planetary" (p. 66). Discreet references to "tolerance, complexity" (p. 67) distinguish her treatment of these "pessimistic" figures—especially Hobbes—from the Straussian trajectory most recently articulated in Brian Garsten's Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgnieiit, but more could be said. Along the way Struever takes a stab at theoretical debates around agency, showing cleverly with Hobbes how "will" is procedural and how the "impersonal" does not mean without personality (pp. 42, 54). Starting with Hobbes' crucial bridge concept "natural logic" (p. 33) Struever articulates the relationship between life science, rhetoric (as social science broadly understood), and modality (typically associated with ab­ stract domains of logic, mathematics, grammar theory). But how is Struever's life science (p. 15) distinguished from the Lebensphilosophie ridiculed by Heidegger in his rhetoric lectures that provide Struever a critical touch­ stone (Grundbegriffe der aristotelischen Philosophic: Marburger Vorlesun^ Som­ mer Semester 1924)7 Struever offers a nice explanation when she shows how Reviews 219 the animal account for Hobbes "reveals another, possible world of great explanatory value; its force trumps, its plots encompass narratives of Hu­ manistic capacity" (p. 18). In other words the human/non-human is topical (among other things), not just a matter of some extra-physical vitalis. We get another intriguing formulation when Struever writes "the web of political life is an emotional, but also a problematic, uncertain texture" (p. 19) sug­ gesting how a vibrant life science would make room for political possibility undeterred by the human/nonhuman divide. Thus Struever clearly moves beyond statistics and philosophical modality insofar as the field is subject to evaluation: "Possibility as realized in time, fills time: gives it significance and pathos in the accounts of the direction and force of civil movements" (p. 71). Fields of possibility are subject to "the essential rhetorical task of praise and blame" (p. 73) which is to say epideictic. And with this turn to epideictic rhetoric we are reminded of a traditional claim critiqued by Jeffrey Walker in Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity: prag­ matic discourse or what can be seen as civic oratory is the primary form of rhetoric in its preconceptual state, before it emerges into history...

Reviews 211 caught on principally because a privileged class of moderate gentlemen enjoying the spoils of the Scotch commercial economy desired entrance into and the ability to participate in British high society" (p. 106). Really? When did early capitalists get so dense? Was there no other advantage to belletrism, perhaps something related to the concrete economic situation of the Scots or the Americans? Apparently not. Needless to say, if there is a moment when Longaker s history gets reductive, it is in his handling of this movement which other scholars, such as Lois Agnew and Arthur Walzer, have shown to be far more dynamic While it is true that much of this work was published subsequent to Longaker's book, I, for one, found myself frustrated with the often dismissive tone Longaker took with Scottish thinkers, especially Blair and Karnes who were often described as "genteel" as if that were some affront. It is worth pointing out that the term "genteel" did not acquire its present day negative connotations in the United States until late in the nineteenth century. Then again, perhaps that label was part of a deliberate rhetorical strategy by Longaker to chastize scholars invested in the present day republican revival and Longaker certainly has a point there. These questions aside, Longaker's work suggests a number of important ways research in the field can and should be pursued. The republican theory Longaker examines was a cosmopolitan phenomenon that not only manifested itself in multiple forms within the United States but throughout much of Europe. 1, for one, hunger to see comparative work on republican pedagogy within the United States and other countries, like France, who were swept up in eighteenth-century republican thought. Paul Dahlgren Georgia Southwestern State University Bryan Garsten, Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. 276 pp. ISBN 0-674-02168-1 Selected by the National Endowment for the Humanities to give the 1992 Jefferson Lecture, Bernard Knox was interviewed by NEH's Chairman, Lynne Cheney. Cheney expressed dismay at Knox's praise of the sophists: the sophists were the bad guys; they made the weaker case appear the stronger; they were relativists and skeptics. Only someone who believes in absolute truth, like Plato, can make the world safe for democracy (Humanities 13 (1992): 4-9, 31-36). Bryan Garsten's Saving Persuasion could have helped Cheney tell a more defensible, and indeed interesting and important story, but without the moral she wanted to draw. Garsten makes the case for a politics of persuasion by examining the intellectual roots of the modern suspicion of persuasive rhetoric and then challenging them, pointing the way toward an understanding of deliberation in which rhetoric plays a central role (p. 4). 212 RHETORICA In the first half of the book, Garsten examines three anti-rhetorical thinkers who contributed to the social contract tradition and thus to modern liberalism. Hobbes, Rousseau, and Kant all saw rhetoric as the enemy of both personal autonomy and political freedom. While their attacks on the rhetoric of religious enthusiasm, the rhetoric of factions, and the rhetoric of egotistic subversion make possible modern republicanism and democracy, their success had a price. Therefore the second half of the book turns to Aristotle and Cicero for understandings of rhetoric that do not reduce to the sophistic that so exercised Cheney. This is not a defense of the ancients against the moderns. Garsten instead aims at formulating a distinctively modern idea of rhetoric and deliberation that responds to the challenges of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Kant. In the Rhetoric Aristotle rejected the idea that the sophist had a unique and powerful faculty. In modern considerations of persuasion, the worry is that conscience or revelation gives a unique and powerful source and content of judgment. As Garsten notes, Cicero argues that rhetoric brought people out of the state of nature into a civil state, while Hobbes sees powerful orators doing the opposite, making people more unsociable (p. 35). Why were these early modern thinkers so opposed to rhetoric? First, they saw the damage caused by rhetorically powerful religious enthusiasts, but their aversion goes deeper. "Liberalism's aversion to persuasion is...

Reviews 201 style demonstrated a facility with his language that went beyond what someone untrained in rhetoric would have been able to produce" (p. 169). He advances this claim in order to prove that a rhetorical analysis of the structure goes a long way toward establishing the authenticity and integrity of the Aducrsits Indneos. I find Dunn s arguments regarding authorship persuasive because of his rhetorical analysis, despite the fact that his critical modus operandi is formalistically tedious and to some extent mechanistic. This approach serves Dunn s purpose of reflecting on authorship, but the rhetorical insights are wooden and not especiallv perceptive. Thomas H. Olbricht Pepperdine University Frédérique Woerther, ed., Literary and Philosophical Rhetoric in the Greek, Roman, Syriac, and Arabic Worlds (Europea Memoria Series 2, Vol. 66). Hildesheini, Zurich, and New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2009. 327 pp. ISBN 978-3-487-13990-6 Historians of rhetoric are well aware that in pre-modern eras, there was extensive contact between Europe and the Arabic world. Some of this contact (e.g., Arabic commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric) has been extensively discussed for a long time, but some of those discussions are now out of date and other relevant areas have remained largely unexplored. The collection of essays reviewed here, in English and French, is designed to take one topic that has proved important in both European and Arabic rhetoric and in the contact between them and to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic in light of what is now known about it. The collection begins from one of the key commonplaces in rhetorical history, that rhetoric oscillates between two key poles: one philosophical, in which the emphasis is on the relationship between rhetoric and knowledge, and one literary, in which the emphasis is on style. Or, to say it a bit differently, the rhetorician can focus on the truth value of what is said and on the validity of propositions or on the verbal embellishment of rhetorical statements. This book was born at a conference on "Literary and Philosophical Rhetoric in the Greek, Syriac, and Arabic Worlds" which was organized by Frédérique Woerther in Beirut on 3-4 July 2006, where ten of the essays were originally presented. Woerther is to be commended, however, for not taking the easy way out and simply publishing those ten essays. She has added four more papers that fill in some obvious gaps in what the conference covered. The result, unlike many volumes of conference proceedings, is a book that offers reasonable coverage of its subject. The first seven of the fourteen essays cover Greek and Roman rhetoric. This section begins with a short but incisive piece on Plato by Harvey Yunis 202 RHETORICA which offers some interesting comments on how Plato uses various literary devices to convert readers to philosophical values and to inculcate philo­ sophically defensible method. Pierre Chiron drew what is perhaps the key assignment in this section, the treatment of Aristotle's Rhetoric, since this is the text which would prove so influential for the second half of the vol­ ume. Focusing on epideictic and on diction, Chiron shows how Aristotle diminishes the distance which separates rhetoric and literature. Next Niall R. Livingstone presents a nicely nuanced paper which recognizes the sub­ tleties and complexities of Isocrates' ideas in this area. As Livingstone puts it, "[intellectually and stylistically, Isocratean philosophia achieves validation by representing itself as the artistic crystalisation of the public sphere: the mid-point both between self-seeking sophistry and elite philosophical ob­ scurantism, and between the vulgar point-scoring of the lawcourts and the meretricious entertainment-value of poetry" (p. 54). Frédérique Woerther glances forward toward the second section of the volume in her essay, which focuses on how Hermagoras of Temnos and al-Fârâbï preserved and inter­ preted the traditional connections among rhetoric, logic, and politics, show­ ing that in the end, rhetoric and poetics allow a general public that is not able to understand rigorous argumentation to grasp the results of scientific discoveries. David Blank in turn discusses Philodemus, whose work is in the process of being reconstructed on the basis of papyri found...

206 RHETORICA côté du marchand, du ménestrel, ou du pèlerin reste toujours l'impécunieux poète. Ainsi, de la vantardise des troubadours belligérants aux monologues des valets à louer, MJ tisse un réseau de significations, où la liste n est plus tant un trope qu'un outil conceptuel qui permet de renouveler la connais­ sance de ces poètes. Le lecteur peut regretter la place un peu trop grande que prend la figure du poète devant la question plus proprement rhétorique ou poétique du fonctionnement de la liste; il peut regretter la composition mo­ nographique des derniers chapitres et les choix qu'elle conditionne (corpus des fabliaux très rapidement évoqué). Mais, il ne peut, en dernière analyse, que reconnaître la finesse, la pertinence et l'utilité des analyses autant pour le médiéviste que pour celui qui travaille sur d'autres époques. Catherine Nicolas Université Paul-Valéry (Montpellier III) Srividya Swaminathan, Debating the Slave Trade: Rhetoric of British National Identity, 1759-1815. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009. xiii + 245pp. ISBN 9780754667674 The proliferation of scholarship on the multi-national and multi-era debate over slavery, on the part of scholars from multiple disciplines, has created an embarrassment of riches; because there is so much scholarship, work tends to specialize by country, era, genre, method, and topos. That is, with the exception of David Brion Davis' extraordinary work, scholars gener­ ally write about the debate over the slave trade or the abolition of slavery, and almost always within a single nation. And they generally further specialize by focusing on the proslavery or antislavery position, most commonly the latter. Finally, although the slavery debate itself violated generic categories— with poems, plays, sermons, political speeches, paintings, and songs either attacking or defending slavery—scholarship has most commonly accepted a visual versus verbal split, as well as a split within written discourse between literary and political discourse. Thus, somewhat paradoxically, students of the slavery debates are currently well-served in terms of specific studies, but have fewer broad brush treatments. While Srividya Swaminathan's Debating the Slave Trade: Rhetoric ofBritish National Identity, 1759—1815 can hardly be called broad brush—one of its many virtues is the grounding of her arguments in close textual analysis— it does transcend many of the boundaries that unhappily limit the area. A study of the debate within Britain, the book places that debate within the larger context of the debate within and from the colonies, as well as the burgeoning anti-slavery movement in the United States. As well as polemical pamphlets, slave narratives, speeches, and sermons, Swaminathan considers Reviews 207 literary texts such as Mary Birkett's A Poem oil the African Slave Trade, James Boswell's No Abolition of Slavery, and the collection Poems on the abolition of the slave trade. Briefly, Swaminathan s book has two significant points for scholars of the history of rhetoric. First, her work nicelv complicates the pro- and antislavery dichotomy. She is very persuasive that there was, after a certain point, very little true "proslavery" rhetoric in the British debate, and that, therefore, the term "regulationist" is a much more accurate one. That is, defenders of the slave trade initially tried to denv the brutality of the conditions in which slaves were transported, but quickly abandoned that approach. They moved to the argument that there were flaws in current practices, but that they could be ameliorated, that better regulation would sufficiently improve conditions. In effect, they tried to coopt the language of reform—the very discourse on which abolitionists relied so heavily—by arguing for reforming rather than abolishing the slave trade. Second, she argues that, while the abolitionists were politically success­ ful in achieving the abolition of the slave trade and then the abolition of slavery within Britain, to describe the end result of the debate in purely po­ litical terms, or to attribute causality solely to the abolitionists, is to miss the larger cultural consequences of the arguments made by both sides. Instead, Swaminathan argues, the slavery debate was framed as an issue about the identity of the British and the nature of their empire: "The dialogue...

220 RHETORICA as Christian-Heathen, for example, Koselleck suggests we then can begin talking about the particular modes of experience and "expectational possi­ bilities" that help define a particular way of being. Finally for this reader the Benjamin material is intriguing but less convincing as specifically rhetorical. Many of the rhetorical strategies identified by Struever (timefulness, orig­ inal/reproduction, similarity, audience) can be generic and not particular to Benjamin, though the material comes into focus whenever Vico appears in the background. Unrealized possibilities, however, are outweighed by the virtues of intellectual courage. It appears Struever is unafraid to engage the very best in any field relevant to her inquiry whether in classics, history, philosophy, or rhetoric, while she leaves lesser material for the pedants and hacks. Those of us who are sometimes pedants and hacks will find this annoying and will focus on what is missing. But Struever's is not a project in cultural studies. Nor is it intellectual history in the tradition of Walter Ong who considered Ramus good subject matter precisely because he was a second-rate intellect who characterized his time instead of exceeding it. On the contrary Struever thinks exclusively with untimely figures. The result of this deeply theoretical project, surprisingly, is substantial advance in our thinking about the world of everyday being-with-one-another, made new with key commonplaces and clichés bracketed. Rhetoric, Modality, Modernity is introductory but not in the usual sense of the term. It does not repackage tired narratives; it does rework the history and theory of rhetoric from our most basic sensibilities and nonhuman conditions to our most demanding conceptual challenges at the abstract limits of rhetoric and philosophy. Though unforgiving in its stylistic and intellectual demands, Rhetoric, Modality, Modernity is a crucial challenge to any rhetorician interested in the entanglements of history and theory. Daniel M. Gross University of California, Irvine Luisa Puig, ed., El discurso y sus espejos. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2009. 390 pp. ISBN 6070205545 Le titre du livre Le discours et ses miroirs s'avère particulièrement jus­ tifié au fil des pages qui reflètent patiemment des réflexions où sujet et objet coïncident, l'objet d'étude—le discours—étant inhérent au sujet qui l'approche. Luisa Puig a recueilli dans ce livre différents réflexes du discours à la lumière de diverses disciplines arrivant à des problématiques ponc­ tuelles. Loin de l'intention chimérique d'embrasser tout ce qui concerne 1 incommensurable discours, ce livre se présente comme 1 entrecroisement de disciplines et de pensées à propos de l'énorme sujet, il ne s'agit pas de Reviews 221«dire tout» sur le discours (ce serait une tâche de Sisyphe) mais d'entendre les échos de questions spécifiques posées de différents points de vue, toutes atteignant à la vie dans le discours. L étude initiale dont l'éditrice est l'auteur—est consacrée au miroir de la mémoire. Luisa Puig y présente un éventail de penseurs et d'approches du discours aidant le lecteur qui n'est pas spécialiste à se situer du point de vue historique dans la conceptualisation du sujet selon les principaux courants contemporains, au nombre desquels on trouve le structuralisme, la théorie de l'énonciation, la théorie dialogique et communicationnelle du Cercle de Bakhtine, les différentes versions et orientations de l'Analyse du Discours, la Linguistique Textuelle, la Théorie de l'Argumentation dans la langue. Dans le chapitre 2, Ruth Amossy présente une réflexion spéculaire: c'est le miroir de l'argumentation qui se reflète dans le miroir de l'analyse du discours et vice-versa. Partageant ce même double miroir, dans le chapitre 3, Patrick Charaudeau propose l'interdisciplinarité plutôt que la pluridisciplinarité afin d'approfondir l'analyse de la communication dans le champ des sciences humaines et sociales. Ainsi, en tant que champ disciplinaire «en construction permanente» , le discours est réfléchi, parmi d'autres, par la rhétorique, la sociologie, la psychologie sociale et l'anthropologie sociale. Le miroir sémantique brille dans le chapitre...

198 RHETORICA discussion in these essays, Stowers' A Rereading of Romans, Justice, Jews, and Gentiles provides outstanding examinations of Paul's uses of prosopopoieia, among other oral speech genres familiar to the auditors of the time. Similarly, Antoinette Wire's The Corinthian Women Prophets, a Reconstruction Through Paul's Rhetoric, among its other merits, suggests contextual sources for puns and humor in Paul's references to the veiling of women and to their prophetic speech. Philip Kern's Rhetoric and Galatians, Assessing an Approach to Paul's Epistles provides a good companion to the essays by Black and Watson in this volume in reviewing the numerous approaches to Paul's letters that are increasingly being combined with one another to both reconstruct the contexts and auditors of the New Testament gospels and epistles, and assess the innovations introduced into classical genres and understandings of the meanings they conveyed. Like Richard Burridge's What Are the Gospels?, studies of New Testament innovations and improvisations based upon clas­ sical models are provided in Jo-Ann Brandt's Dialogue and Drama, Elements of Greek Tragedy in the Fourth Gospel and Dennis E. Smith's Prom Symposium to Eucharist, the Banquet in the Early Christian World. These readings continue the examination of literary and rhetorical readings of the New Testament in conversation and sometimes in conflict with one another. Black and Watson have provided an examination of these current critical issues within and alongside reappraisals of Kennedy's work in a manner that does credit to their title: words well spoken. C. Jan Swearingen Texas A&M University Geoffrey D. Dunn, Tertullian's Aduersus Iudaeos: A Rhetorical Analysis. Patristics Monograph Series 19, Washington, DC: The Catholic Uni­ versity of America Press, 2008. xiv + 210 pp. ISBN 978-0-8132-1526-6 The Tertullian authorship of Aduersus Iudaeos has been disputed over the past two centuries. In this book Dunn argues that a rhetorical analysis of Ter­ tullian s Aduersus Iudaeos can resolve the uncertainties respecting its origins. He sets forth in an excellent manner the status of authorship assumptions, provides a detailed rhetorical analysis, and constructs a substantial case for all the parts of the manuscript being authored by Tertullian. He contends that the disputed last part was written before Tertullian's Aduersus Marcionem rather than being copied from it. Furthermore he declares that the Aduersus Iudaeos has been neglected because of doubts regarding its authen­ ticity. He points out that Robert Sider in his Ancient Rhetoric and the Art of Tertullian (1971) did not include the Aduersus Iudaeos nor did he list it in his catalog of Tertullian's writings. Dunn first addresses the differences of opinion regarding the text. He next explores the intended readership, and contends that "pamphlet" is Reviews 199 the best appellation because Tertullian's intent is advocacy (p. 28). Dunn's lhetoiical analysis consists of three aspects located in as many chapters, structure, argumentation, and style. The final chapter is in essence a summary of the arguments in the book. There is an extended bibliography, a general index, and a Scripture citations index. in the first chapter Dunn sets out a history of scholarly reflections on authorship and in the process supplies an important breakdown of those who doubt the integrity and authenticity of the Aduersus Iudaeos and those who support it. Those opposed were Krovmann, Dekkers, Aulisa, Semler, Burkitt, Quispel, Quasten, Neander, Akerman, Labriolle, Efroymson, Crosson, and Ev ans. Those accepting were Noeldechen, Grotemeyer, Harnack, Williams, Saflund, Trankle, Fredouille, Monceaux, Simon, Gager,Aziza, Moreschini, Schreckenberg, Barnes, and Otranto. Dunn along the way sets out the diverse nuances prov ided bv these authorities. Dunn ascertains that the authorship controversy is related to the recent concern ov er the degree of contact between Jews and Christians in early third century Carthage. Contemporary scholars are offering new clues that the contacts between Jews and Christians were considerable. Scholars who so argue include J uster, Simon, Krauss, Williams, Parkes, Blumenkranz, Wilken, Blanchetiere, Hornbury, de Lange, Wilson, and MacLennan. Other scholars, however, have claimed that anti-Jewish polemics were chiefly designed to assist the Christians in establishing "self identity," since Jews and Chris­ tians were going their own separate ways. These include Eiarnack, Barnes...

222 RHETORICA discours en tant que délibération. Joan Vergés Gifra se demande qui il fau­ drait entendre dans des situations où les interlocuteurs ne sont pas dans des positions comparables, quand il n'y a pas d'égalité, un problème qui n'a pas été résolu ni par la pensée de Rawls ni par celle de Habermas. Il s'agit donc d'un miroir qui reflète les ombres de la démocratie formelle réfléchissant dans le sens de M. Waltzer sur des possibilités non délibératives, c'est-à-dire, démocratiques, voire entre des personnes en conditions d'inégalité. Dans le chapitre 11 «Réflexions sur le rôle de la cognition dans l'émer­ gence de la raison rhétorique» Emmanuelle Danblon offre à la «raison rhétorique» un miroir néodarwiniste qui approche certains faits discursifs sous la double lumière de la synchronie et de la diachronie. L'auteur ana­ lyse les projections de l'écriture sur la fonction rhétorique et sur la cogni­ tion d'un point de vue historico-évolutionniste préférant l'accumulation à l'élimination. Dans le dernier chapitre, Juan Nadal Palazôn nous surprend avec un miroir qui rappelle celui de la belle-mère de Blanche Neige. En analysant les formes hybrides du «discours de l'autre» dans les titres des journaux de la presse écrite mexicaine et espagnole, l'auteur montre les reflets éthiques et politiques du discours et de la lecture. La responsabilité du sujet affleure dans ce texte qui conclut le livre sur une pointe d'humour. Ce bouquet de miroirs du discours constitue un instrument important de réflexion pour différentes disciplines. Excédant les intérêts spécifiques des sciences du langage, ce livre aide les chercheurs de champs divers— philosophie, rhétorique, communication sociale, théorie politique, esthé­ tique, entre autres—à approcher un objet d'étude dont le chercheur—comme nous l'avons déjà dit—se découvre à la fois sujet et objet. Il est difficile (voire dangereux) d'affronter en même temps les différentes facettes de cet incontournable objet d'étude, même si l'on usera volontiers, à la façon de Persée, de l'un de ses nombreux miroirs. Silvana Rabinovich Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Michael Hoppmarm, Argumentative Verteidigung: Grundlegungzii einer modernen Statuslehre. Neue Rhetorik 5, Berlin: Weidler, 2OO8.C223 pp., ill. ISBN 9783896935274. Hoppmann's book aims to develop a modern system of defense strate­ gies based on status thinking, but applicable to everyday moral accusations. For this purpose, he examines a range of theories to compile a complete inventory of Streitpunkte (potential points of disagreement) between accuser and defendant. Three modern theories with functions comparable to that of status theory are discussed first: the "judicial syllogism," Toulmin's ar­ gument model, and the doctrine of Deliktsaufbau (crime ascertainment) in Reviews 223 German jurisprudence. Then follow the stiisis/statns theories of Hermagoras, the Ad Herennium, and Hermogenes. Each is evaluated for completeness, un­ ambiguousness, simplicity, and communicability. Similarities and differences, substantial and structural, are instructively laid out. This generates thirtyone potential points of disagreement. These are then discussed, merged, subdivided, and organized, resulting in Hoppmann's proposal for a modern status doctrine with three basic elements: Act, Norm, Person. The existence and nature, respectively, of each of these generate six points of disagreement. Between Act and Norm there are two: the subsumption of Act under Norm, and "fairness" (Billigkeit), a potential separate norm that may suspend an anterior subsumption. A further Streitpunkt is the applicability of Norm to Person, and between Person and Act the issues of the corporeal and mental connection between the two. Two "peripheral" issues are the accuser's com­ petence to accuse, and the expediency (Opportunitat) of passing judgment. Thus, thirtv-one points are reduced to thirteen. Undoubtedly Hoppmann's system can be a clarifying and useful tool for anyone involved in defensive argument, forensic or moral. It does seem to fulfill his four criteria (unfortunately he does not explain why precisely these have privileged status, nor what their relative order of priority might be). Still, this...

Reviews 225 interpretations of a norm, he seems to assume that this defense cancels out the initial charge, rather than just speaking against it; is it really the case that in Hoppmann s perspective, an action can only be correctly subsumed under one norm? From a wider perspective, I cannot help wondering why Hoppmann went to the trouble of scrutinizing ancient status theories as well as later jurisprudential theories so elaborately, one by one. After all, he finds each one seriously deficient for his purpose. So why did he not present his model (which appears for the first time on p. 160) directly, using more of his space to motivate it and exemplify it, using only those concepts from various sources that he found useful? His relatively few examples are all apt, illustrative, readable, and a nice change from his rather stiff, scholastic, passive-laden academic prose. Hoppmann knows ancient status theory inside out, but if his main purpose is to give us a modern status theory, why not do so from the start instead of debunking and completely reorganizing earlier theories, many of which will be unknown to most readers anyway? Some of his reorganizations hav e a cost: They oversimplify. Most notably, he dissolves the four traditional status legates under the heading Normbeschaffenheit (nature of the norm). Again, the underlying thinking may be that an action can only be correctlv subsumed under one norm, which then cancels out any other norms that mav have been invoked. Here, simplicity trumps insight; the relation of facts to norms is more complex. For example, as explained above, relevant but contradictory norms often coexist, as well reflected by the status legalis of contrariae leges. Hoppmann's status model is interesting, and doubtless its simplicity and communicability will make it useful in practice and pedagogy. He might have given us a fuller, more "modern" exposition of it. Was it necessary to build it on meticulous examinations of older theories, considering that he found them all wanting and let some of their best insights fall through his net? Christian Kock University of Copenhagen Emmanuelle Damblon, Emmanuel de Jonge, Ekaterina Kissina et Loïc Nicolas, eds., Argumentation et narration. Bruxelles: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2008. 210 pp. ISBN 2800414189 L'ouvrage collectif Argumentation et narration, édité par Emmanuelle Damblon, Emmanuel de Jonge, Ekaterina Kissina et Loïc Nicolas, constitue la publication inaugurale du Groupe de recherches en rhétorique et en ar­ gumentation linguistique (GRAL), qui se donne pour projet de penser les expressions discursives de la «raison rhétorique» sous toutes ses formes. L'objectif assigné à ce projet consiste à amener à reconsidérer les conditions de la persuasion dans les démocraties modernes, en prenant pour fonde­ 226 RHETORICA ment les cadres de l'argumentation comme lieu privilégié de l'expression de la rationalité, suivant une approche pluridisciplinaire. Les contributions de ce recueil sont issues de travaux coordonnés par E. Damblon au cours de l'année 2005-2006: un séminaire de recherches interdisciplinaires et inter­ universitaires, ainsi qu'un colloque «Argumentation et narration» , qui s est tenu à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles les 6 et 7 mars 2006. Ces communica­ tions appartiennent à des domaines aussi variés que le droit, la philosophie, la bioéthique ou encore l'analyse de discours politique et littéraire. Ces champs d'études se trouvent intégrés à un questionnement rhétorique, puisqu'ils in­ terrogent la question de la rationalité à travers les liens entre argumentation et narration. Afin de souligner les rapprochements et les interactions entre ces deux registres discursifs bien distincts, les communications sont regroupées en quatre parties. La réflexion progresse ainsi de la politique au droit, puis à la littérature, pour finir par une approche philosophique. Au début de la première partie, qui traite des approches politiques du rapport entre argu­ mentation et narration, ainsi que des interactions entre ces registres discur­ sifs dans le processus de persuasion, Jean-Marie Adam étudie l'usage d'un exemple narratif par Jacques Chirac dans son débat télévisé contre Laurent Labius le 27 octobre 1985. L'efficacité rhétorique de la stratégie narrative de Jacques...

Reviews C. Clifton Black and Duane F, Watson, eds., Words well spoken: George Kennedy s Rhetoric of the New Testament (Studies in Rhetoric and Re­ ligion 8). Texas: Baylor University Press, 2008. xiii +253 pp. ISBN 1602580642 George Kennedy's importance to New Testament rhetorical criticism is that of groundbreaker, particularly for rhetorical scholars who are not Biblical scholars. Within the community of Biblical scholars, Kennedy's work introduced methods based upon classical rhetorical models that have been adapted, criticized, and sometimes replaced with alternatives. Duane Watson and Clifton Black's introductory essay provides a lucid guide to the range of rhetorica or the essays and are addressed in different ways by individual authors. An overarching recent debate has been the question of whether New Testament authors, particularly Paul, "knew" or "studied" rhetoric. A related issue has been the problem of identifying rhetorical and literary genres that make an appearance in the Christian scriptures, and related proposals that these categories be dispensed with entirely. To its credit, this collection presents the annoying alongside the enriching episodes in the debates. Following excellent essays on the history of Biblical rhetorical studies by Margaret Zulick and Thomas Olbricht, Duane Watson's "The Influence of George Kennedy on Rhetorical Criticism of the New Testament" explains past and present debates about New Testament epistolary rhetoric and narrative genres. Kennedy was among the first, he notes, to define and explore the difference between "the rhetoric of the historical Jesus and the rhetoric of Jesus as preserved in the Jesus tradition and the gospels." Watson characterizes a more recent formulation of this distinction developed by Gregory Bloomquist: "While historical Jesus research may give us greater critical certainty regarding the words and deeds of the historical Jesus, these words and deeds have to be understood as the picture that the historical Jesus wanted to present. They are a picture of the rhetorical Jesus but not of the historical Jesus" (p. 48). Watson also surveys the debates concerning Paul's rhetorical education that were provoked by Kennedy's New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism. To accept that there is no hard evidence that Paul or other authors of the Christian scriptures were educated in rhetorical schools introduces three Rhetorica, Vol. XXIX, Issue 2, pp. 195-231, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2011 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintlnfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/RH.2011.29.2.195. 196 RHETORICA questions at the very least that bear not only upon Biblical studies but on classical and later rhetorical studies as well. First, what counts as evidence? Second, and related to the question of evidence, what is an author? Third, what does "educated" mean? Apart from Plato's representations, we have no evidence of Socrates' words; we must judge them through the lens of Plato's art. And what kind of evidence is the evidence of an artisan? Among New Testament authors, the question of rhetorical education comes up most often regarding Paul because his authorship is least questioned among the Christian scriptures. There seems to have been a person Paul and all the evidence we have suggests that he wrote his own letters. Or rather, according to the customs of the time, he dictated them, as the letters themselves state. Just as an authenticating narrative often appears at the beginning of Plato's dialogues, the scribe who wrote the letter is named in many of Paul's epistles. Words Well Spoken illuminates both the good news and the bad news among the answers to these questions of evidence, authorship, and rhetorical education. Clifton Black's essay on Kennedy's readings of the gospels provides a lucid survey of the major objections to Kennedy's work, particularly those of literary theorists and literary historians. According to these critics, Kennedy seems to want to reduce narrative gospels and speeches alike to, "logos, or logical argument, whereas the gospels tend more obviously towards ethos, the power of Jesus' authority" (p. 71). Essays by Blake Shipp, on...

Book Review| February 01 2011 Review: Ekphrasis, Imagination and Persuasion in Ancient Rhetorical Theory and Practice, by Ruth Webb Ruth WebbEkphrasis, Imagination and Persuasion in Ancient Rhetorical Theory and Practice. Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2009. 238 pp. ISBN 9780754661252. Rhetorica (2011) 29 (1): 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2011.29.1.113 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Ekphrasis, Imagination and Persuasion in Ancient Rhetorical Theory and Practice, by Ruth Webb. Rhetorica 1 February 2011; 29 (1): 113–115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/RH.2011.29.1.113 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2011 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved.2011 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Rhetorical patterns used by Westerners may differ from those of other cultures. Still, little is known about Nyāya, India's rhetorical methodology. This essay relates rhetorical patterns in Aristotle's enthymeme and paradeigma to Nyāya's pratijñāa (claim/promise), hetu (reason), and dṛṣṭānta (example). Though superficially similar, the Greek/Western rhetorical patterns invoke interlocking statements based in a general statement, while the Indian approach uses a dominant analogical image to connect claim and reason. Focusing on a historical interaction where a Westerner missed key elements of Indian persuasion because of his Aristotelian presuppositions about argument, the essay illustrates the crucial need to understand differing rhetorical patterns for successful cultural dialogue.

Rhetorical patterns used by Westerners may differ from those of other cultures. Still, little is known about Nyāya, India’s rhetorical methodology. This essay relates rhetorical patterns in Aristotle’s enthymeme and paradeigma to Nyāya’s pratijñā (claim/promise), hetu (reason), and dṛṣṭāntn (example). Though superficially similar, the Greek/Western rhetorical patterns invoke interlocking statements based in a general statement, while the Indian approach uses a dominant analogical image to connect claim and reason. Focusing on a historical interaction where a Westerner missed key elements of Indian persuasion because of his Aristotelian presuppositions about argument, the essay illustrates the crucial need to understand differing rhetorical patterns for successful cultural dialogue.

One segment of the American debate over internal improvements occurred between 1808 and 1817 and was marked by three rhetorical texts in which arguments moved from technical considerations to more transcendent appeals. These texts illustrate the interplay of geography and rhetoric and highlight the early use of god-terms like “fact,” “progress,” and “communication.”

Reviews 113 Ruth Webb, Ekphrasis, Imagination and Persuasion in Ancient Rhetorical Theory and Practice. Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2009. 238 pp. ISBN 9780754661252 The topic of ekphrasis has garnered much attention of late among classi­ cists, literary critics, and visual theorists—so much so that the bibliography on the subject has become unwieldy. Is ekphrasis a humble elementary exer­ cise in description? A w idely encompassing topos for the agon between word and image? An ancient nexus of speculation on the complexities of represen­ tation and the psychology of reception? Bringing together these perspectives and more, Ruth Webb's comprehensive treatment of ekphrasis from a rhetor­ ical point of view will be of interest to historians of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric but may prove to be less than completely satisfying to those readers who have been following the critical explorations of the term of late. Webb begins with a strong argument: a proper understanding of ekphra­ sis should be grounded in the definition of the term offered in the rhetorical manuals of the imperial period, the 1st to the 5th centuries of the Common Era. Working closely with the Progynmasnmta of Theon, Ps.-Hermogenes, Aphthonios, and Nikolaos, as well as with rich material on the subject in the more advanced treatises by Quintilian, Ps.-Longinus, and Menander Rhetor, Webb insists that ekphrasis be considered in terms of effect rather than sub­ ject matter: it is "a speech that brings the subject matter vividly before the eyes" (Introduction and Chapter 1, "The Contexts of Ekphrasis"). She argues vigorously against a tendency she finds in modern criticism to see ekphraseis as descriptions of art works or as opportunities to explore ideas about the act of viewing in antiquity. Tier careful treatment of the handbook material— usefully presented in Greek and English in two appendices—focuses the reader's attention on enargeia. A vivid impression could be achieved through the detailed description, or narration, of many subjects, including activities such as battles, storms, plagues, earthquakes, and festivals, not only through descriptions of objects such as paintings, sculptures, and architectural won­ ders. Chapter 1 proceeds with historical evidence for a drift in scholarly treatments of ekphrasis away from the ancient rhetorical definition in the writings of nineteenth-century French art historians. A key moment of rupture in the mid-twentieth century for Webb is Leo Spitzer's appropriation of "ekphrasis" to designate a poetic genre. From here, writes Webb, "the rest is history," as ekphrasis is "catapulted" out of "the specialized domain of classical [sic] and archaeology into the world of English and Comparative Literature" (p. 35). The lapsarian tone of the narra­ tive at this point may startle readers who value interdisciplinary approaches to rhetoric and visual theorists who have left new critical poetics behind. The implication that all subsequent treatments of ekphrasis by literary scholars follow Spitzer's new critical lead is inaccurate and unhelpful (see p. 35 n. 63). In the penultimate chapter, Webb acknowledges recent writing on ekphra­ sis from classical scholars working on the ancient Greek novel (by Shadi Bartsch, Jas Eisner, Elelen Morales, Tim Whitmarsh, and others: see p. 178 114 RHETORICA and nn. 27 and 28). Influenced by literary theories such as semiotics, fem­ inism, and post-structuralism, these works, like those of scholars (notably W. J. T. Mitchell) from other humanities disciplines intersect in many ways with the perspectives developed later in Webb's book, but Webb does not pause to consider how they complicate the ancient vs. modern definitional agon driving her argument early on. As she aptly observes, "The connec­ tion between ekphrasis and the idea of visual representation ... runs deep" (p. 53), thus her lack of engagement with scholars exploring that very idea is puzzling. Webb is on firmer ground as she returns to a detailed examination of the treatment of ekphrasis in the handbooks (Chapter 2, "Learning Ekphra­ sis: The Progymnasmata). Emphasizing rhetorical production, she focuses on ekphrasis as "the exercise which taught students how to use vivid evocation and imagery in their speeches" (p. 53) rather than the static reproduction of set passages. Webb here makes an illuminating connection between ekphra­ sis and narrative, citing passages in which the speaker becomes...

La lettre invective a joui d'une grande fortune à la Renaissance, comme en témoignent Les Epistres familieres et invectives (1539) d'Hélisenne de Crenne. Une relecture de ce recueil à la lumière de la théorie épistolaire permet de nuancer nos a priori défavorables à cette pratique épistolaire que l'on aurait tort de réduire à une «bordée d'injures» aussi gratuites que disgracieuses. Ces épîtres invectives donnent à voir que le recours à l'insulte n'est jamais une fin en soi, mais un moyen de persuasion au service de la déconstruction de l'ethos de l'adversaire et du renforcement de la crédibilité de l'épistolier.

La lettre invective a joui d’une grande fortune à la Renaissance, comme en témoignent Les Epistres familieres et invectives (1539) d’Hélisenne de Crenne. Une relecture de ce recueil à la lumière de la théorie épistolaire permet de nuancer nos a priori défavorables à cette pratique épistolaire que l’on aurait tort de réduire à une «bordée d’injures» aussi gratuites que disgracieuses. Ces épîtres invectives donnent à voir que le recours à l’insulte n’est jamais une fin en soi, mais un moyen de persuasion au service de la déconstruction de l’ethos de l’adversaire et du renforcement de la crédibilité de l’épistolier.

340 RHETORICA to be monitored by the community and that is balanced by an ethics, psy­ chology, and political theory emphasizing isolated, estranged, and restive individuals (pp. 142-45). The image of the modern Lockean individual that Vogt advances is that of the chastened explorer, conscious of the perils of the voyage of discovery undertaken with imperfect tools, but confident in his ability to overcome as yet unknown challenges. Vogt attempts to formulate a strong version of Lockean modernity in order to shed light on what he terms "the strong attack on Lockean modernity" that he perceives in the work of Burke, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche (p. 6). In those thinkers there is, for Vogt, a more precise pessimism. In their hands, Locke's nautical metaphors entail a much greater risk of disorientation. In this reading, the Burkean sublime is a chaste riposte to Locke's cheerful analogizing, a critique of even a figural empiricism's ability to deal with the measureless. Vogt reads the marine paintings of Caspar David Friedrich and J. M. W. Turner to undermine the notion that maritime life is a storehouse of figures that stand for challenges overcome. Many of the things that Vogt has to say with regard to this strong attack on the strong version of Lockean modernity are suggestive. But it is not clear that a monograph on Locke was the best place to explore these complex issues with the sustained attention that they deserve. David L. Marshall Kettering University Juliet Cummins and David Burchell (eds.), Science, Literature and Rhetoric in Early Modern England (Literary and Scientific Cultures of Early Modernity Series), Aldershot (England) and Burlington (Ver­ mont): Ashgate, 2007. 241 pp. ISBN: 9780754657811 The intent of this collection of essays is to "present new insights" about the "interaction of science, literature and rhetoric" in the development, reception, and dissemination of scientific knowledge in early modernity. The studies emanate from a symposium of scholars held at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. The editors promise in the introduction a wide angled book that will encompass the cultural, political, and social elements of the new science. This has been accomplished to a large degree, even if at times the treatment is a bit parochial in its regional view of science and narrow historical perspective. In addition, rhetoric, left undefined, permits a diffuse sense of the term, and a vague notion that it pervades discourse. But despite these shortcomings, the book offers a rich, lively, innovative collection of essays that illuminate selected literary texts of the period. Several of the essays stand out for their clarity and scholarship. Peter Harrison's "Truth, Utility, and the Natural Sciences in Early Modern Eng­ land" avoids parochialism in its treatment of changing opinions regarding Reviews 341 natural science vis a vis the humanities. Harrison begins his essay with Sir Philip Sidney's weighing of knowledge for its moral usefulness and his elevation of the particular as key to understanding the universal in "The Defence of Poesy. Earlier the studia }iu matiitutis had revamped education for its social and moral utility as well (p. 17). The essay, with apt illustrations from the writings of the virtuosi and their commentators, shows that a similar moral evaluation was being applied to the study of natural philosophy in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The discipline was thought to aid in the development of virtue through the habits of careful study required of its practitioners. And it turned minds to regard the purpose of their labors as the betterment of mankind. Thus, the moral value of the philosophers' work eventually made the occupation socially acceptable, despite critics' ridicule of experiments performed at meetings of the Royal Society. With impressive erudition, David Burchell analyzes Hobbes' style and its debt to both Seneca and Cicero. His essay, '"A Plain Blunt Man'; Hobbes, Science, and Rhetoric Revisited," has only a tenuous connection to science, but it clarifies the relation of rhetoric to science in the period. Burchell successfully rebuts those who have claimed that Hobbes rejected rhetoric and adopted instead a "clear and perspicuous" style to foster better scientific debate. Burchell shows that Hobbes had, instead, a very broad knowledge of rhetoric and used different...

238 RHETORICA readings of a wide range of poems" but what she offers are read­ ings of details in passages, best grasped if the reader has nearby a copy of the poems from which the passages are drawn; and her "wide range" actually encompasses a scope of poetry and prose well beyond the writers named in her somewhat misleading title, per­ haps disappointing those readers expecting more concentration on the three poets while gratifying other readers seeking context. Finally, she slights the enthymeme, breezily conflating its characteristics with those of the syllogism; and it's improperly indexed, too. But these are minor matters, and they wither in the face of the importance of this book, the point of this review. If Sullivan's "ter­ rain" is vast, her browsing is neither aimless nor "sheeplike." Quite the reverse, she offers innovative, sustained, and illuminating rhetor­ ical analyses centering on a vital subject in our intellectual history: the conscience, once structured as a language and once considered dialogic in nature. Her effort "to read through the rhetoric" as well as her ability to share that knowledge with others teaches us much about our history and about our rhetoric, too. Thomas O. Sloane University of California, Berkeley Wendy Olmsted, Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006,157pp. ISBN 1405117737; Denis Donoghue, On Eloquence, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2008, 197pp. ISBN 0300125410 Wendy Olmsted's Rhetoric: An Historical Introduction is a welcome addi­ tion to this field of study. As the introduction explains, her book is distinctive because it understands that rhetoric is "a practical art of deliberation" that is best "taught and learned through historically specific examples of argument and interpretation" (p. 1). She explores how the art of deliberation changes across time, from Aristotle to Jane Austen, from Roman oratory to contem­ porary legal training in the U.S. This is a wide-ranging book. It offers case studies of thinkers and writers who represent the changing fortunes of this art, including Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine, Machiavelli, Francis Bacon, John Milton, and Jane Austen. In its exploration of more recent work, the book's emphasis is on expositors of the rhetorical tradition in the U.S., including Wayne C. Booth, Stephen Greenblatt, Eugene Garver, Danielle S. Allen, and Edward H. Levi. The focus of this study develops from Olmsted's longstanding interest in inventio. She begins by exploring how Cicero adapts Aristotle's rhetorical Reviews 239 categories, ethos, pathos and logos, to give greater prominence to sympathy, and she considers how Augustine uses techniques of rhetorical invention to serve the ends of biblical interpretation. All later writers are judged in the light of this early history: thus, Jane Austen's "skill" in defining the values that shape Anne Elliot s world in Persuasion, and which prevent her from being heard, are "understood in terms of the classical (Aristotelian and Ciceronian) emphasis on common beliefs as the premises for rhetorical arguments" (p. 98). In addition, Olmsted understands that works concerned with the theory of rhetoric are also "works of rhetoric" (p. 1). This is one of the strengths of this book, as well as one of its innovations: Olmsted offers genuinely insightful and thought-provoking readings of the different ways in which Cicero, Machiavelli, and Bacon "use rhetorical topics to teach their readers how to deliberate about particular ethical and political dilemmas" (p. 48) and to challenge the wav they think. Thus, Olmsted not only attends to Cicero's rhetorical writings, De inventione and De oratore, hut also explores the rhetoric of his philosophical work, namely De offieiis, and in so doing she breaks down easy assumptions about Cicero's idealism, and Machiavelli's opportunism. Two of the most important topoi that Cicero explores, for example, are the "honourable" and the "expedient." Much of De offieiis is concerned with the relationship be­ tween them. But his understanding of these terms, and their relationship to each other, varies as a result of the examples he offers. He offers no easy definitions, but rather requires the reader to deliberate, to work out how to behave honourablv and expediently in different situations. Machiavelli shares this strategv of exploring, developing and challenging commonplace thinking with...

Reviews Gianna Petrone e Alfredo Casamento (ed.), Lo spettacolo della giustizia. Le orazioni di Cicerone. «Leuconoe»—L'invenzione dei classici 10. Palermo: Flaccovio, 2007, 274 pp. ISBN 8878044156 Il volume contiene gli atti del convegno palermitano (marzo 2006), dedicato al corpus di testi "fra i piú compatti tra quelli che la letteratura latina abbia prodotto" che presenta aspetti della retorica fortemente legati al "tasso di spettacolarità." Le prime considerazioni sul legame stretto tra azione teatrale e oratoria, nonché fra teatralità e ethos, si devono ad A. Cavarzere, Introduzione (pp. 7-12), che osserva tra l'altro come "è proprio in Cicerone che la spettacolarità e la teatralità dell'oratoria trovano finalmente il loro difficile equilibrio con la conservazione del decorum" (p. 7). Apre il volume il contributo di L. Pernot, I paradossi della teatralità retorica in Cicerone (pp. 13-28), che affronta il tema del rapporto tra retorica e teatro attraverso l'analisi di tre brani del de oratore nei quali, anche se il riferimento al teatro non è esplicito, pure lo "sfondo" legato al teatro è fácilmente individuabile , grazie anche al confronto con altri testi. II primo brano, de orat. 3.213, è incentrato sull'aneddoto di Demostene che, a chi gli chiedeva quale fosse Lelemento principale dell'oratoria, rispondeva ponendo al primo, al secondo e al terzo posto Yactio; leggendo il testo accanto ad analoghe testimonianze dello Pseudo-Plutarco e di Quintiliano, si evince—in modo ancora piú esplicito di quanto non avvenisse in Cicerone—il legame con gli attori di teatro. II secondo passo esaminato, de orat. 2.124, è relativ o alie parole di Crasso che ncorda il famoso episodio in cui Antonio, difendendo Manió Aquilio, ne strappô la tunica per mostrare ai giudici le cicatrici del suo petto al fine di suscítame pietà e simpatía. Anche in questo caso, la lettura in parallelo di Quint. 2.15.7-9, che racconta un análogo aneddoto a proposito di Iperide e della cortigiana Frine, cui venne denudato il bellissimo corpo, veicola il messaggio che "lo spettacolo giunge in aiuto al discorso," e che anzi lo spettacolo stesso si sostituisce al discorso. Dal terzo brano, infine, de orat. 3.195, emerge l'importanza attribuita dall'oratore al giudizio della folla: esso significa, infatti, giudizio della maggioranza. L'importanza data da Ci­ cerone alla dimensione "spettacolare" è, dunque, molto piú forte di quanto possa apparire ad una prima analisi, probabilmente perché la sua stessa pratica della retorica gli aveva permesso di constatare la potenza dell'elemento spettacolare e teatrale. Rhetorica, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 1, pp. 96-118, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2010 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights reserved . Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintlnfo.asp. DO1: 10.1525/RH.2010.28.1 Reviews 97 Ed è su uno degli elementi presi in esame da Pernot, Vevidentia, che si incentra il contributo di M.S. Celentano, L'evidenza esemplare di Cicerone oratore (pp. 33-48): PA. mira a sottolineare la grande capacité che ebbe Ci­ cerone di riuscire a narrare fatti ed eventi, rendendone partecipi gli ascoltatori /lettori. In particolare, puesta capacita è analizzata dalEA. attraverso le testimonianze e le citazioni di Quintiliano, il che consente anche la valutazione della ricezione di tale abilita retorica a partiré dagli autori di I see. fino a quelli piú tardi, da Aquila Romano a Marziano Capella. In conclusione , EA. sottolinea che in ámbito retorico si puo parlare di una sorta di "uso intersemiotico dell'immagine che si fa parola e della parola che attualizza , vivificándola, l'immagine" (p. 48). E. Pianezzola, Retorico verbale e retorico extraverbale: il frammento di Gaio Gracco 48, 61 Male.4 e il commento di Crasso (pp. 29-31), riflette invece sulla notazione che Cicerone fa seguiré alia citazione del frammento di Gaio Gracco, sottolineando—per bocea di Crasso—come Gracco si servisse di una gestualita tale per cui neanche i nemici avrebbero potuto trattenere le lacrime, usando un'espressione che ne ricorda una analoga delPA/Ar di Sofocle (vv. 923ss.), a testimonianza del fatto che "ancora una volta la tragedia...

John Nicholson's The Preceptor is the first book dedicated to an explicitly Mormon rhetorical theory, which he attempts to employ in the troubled landscape of LDS missionary training. This essay examines Nicholson's advice to missionaries, and argues that The Preceptor links logos and the Holy Spirit together in homiletic division of labor, connecting traditional Christian preaching with indigenous Mormon style and theology. By studying The Preceptor we can gain an appreciation for how rhetorical theories develop specific features that reflect a particular culture's location in history and society, and examine a rhetoric that served as an alternative to mainstream American religious and secular rhetorical development.

John Nicholson’s The Preceptor is the first book dedicated to an explicitly Mormon rhetorical theory, which he attempts to employ in the troubled landscape of LDS missionary training. This essay examines Nicholson’s advice to missionaries, and argues that The Preceptor links logos and the Holy Spirit together in homiletic division of labor, connecting traditional Christian preaching with indigenous Mormon style and theology. By studying The Preceptor we can gain an appreciation for how rhetorical theories develop specific features that reflect a particular culture’s location in history and society, and examine a rhetoric that served as an alternative to mainstream American religious and secular rhetorical development.

As a designation for specific arguments providing clever explanations or excuses in mock-forensic speeches (controversiae), the technical metaphor color is mainly known from the work of Seneca the Elder. But while the many colores he cites lack their speech context, the Major Declamations ascribed to Quintilian give a unique opportunity to study the techniques of “colouring” within the framework of entire speeches. After a reconsideration of what we know about the origin and the exact meaning of color, this article demonstrates the dual function of colores as a means both of generating arguments and of creating stories, i.e. as a device that is rhetorical as well as literary.

Abstract In his Holy Sonnets, the English Renaissance poet and divine John Donne (1572–1631) gives voice to powerful emotional outbursts. Previous critics have mostly been concerned with the religious context and theological positions of the sonnets. This study rather attempts to isolate the psychological context of the poems by relating them to the early modern discourse on the passions. In order to grasp the pathos of Donne's Holy Sonnets, we need to consider the advice on how to handle violent emotion in such treatises as Thomas Wright's The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604) and Edward Reynolds's A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man (1640).

Reviews David C. Mirhady, ed., Influences on Peripatetic Rhetoric: Essays in Honor of William W. Fortenbaugh. Leiden: Brill, 2007. viii + 282 pp. This valuable collection of fourteen essays divides itself naturally into two parts: those which conform strictly to its title (1, 2, 3, 5, 8,11,13), and the rest, which focus on Aristotle's Rhetoric (4, 14), Rhetorica Ad Alexandrian (6) and post-Aristotelian topics (7, 9, 10, 12). Mirhady's Introduction assembles the diverse elements that inform the book very skilfully: the present state of scholarship, the historical background, a synopsis of the contents of Aristotle Rhetoric and the Rhetorica Ad Alexandrian, and summaries of the fourteen chapters. Dirk Schenkeveld, Theory and Practice in Fourth-Century Eloquence, is con­ cerned with a particular feature, mainly of deliberative oratory: the speaker's adoption of a didactic tone, usually when introducing a key narrative or ar­ gument. He does not consider whether this tone is a function of the characters of its two chief proponents, Isocrates, who was a teacher, and Demosthenes, who was famously superior in his attitude to his audiences and opponents; while the examples in Lysias look suspiciously formulaic. These character­ istics would go some way to explaining the absence of recommendations for them from the theorists. In Ethos in Persuasion and in Musical Education in Plato and Aristotle, Eckart Schutrumpf finds the latter's proposition that a speaker's good character is by itself a device of persuasion too simplistic compared with the examination conducted by Plato, in whose Gorgias and Protagoras audiences are seen as more susceptible to purely rhetorical skills than to a speaker's perceived moral qualities. Schutrumpf traces a development in Plato's attitude to persuasion, with the need to replace it by force being increasingly considered. Aristotle consistently takes a more optimistic view of human nature. David Mirhady, Aristotle's Enthynienie, Thymos, and Plato, sets out to establish the emotional content of the Aristotelian enthymeme by reference to its etymology. After admitting that the verb had come to mean no more than 'consider,' Mirhady argues that the enthymeme connotes "a form of cognitive activity that takes place in the context of emotional response.'' But the enthymeme is concerned with emotions only in so far as the human experiences from which it draws its premisses have emotional content, and for Aristotle it is always closer to logic (the syllogism) than to the irrational Rhetorica, Vol. XXVII, Issue 2, pp. 218—234, ISSN 0734-8584, electronic ISSN 15338541 . ©2009 by The International Society for the History of Rhetoric. All rights re­ served. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press's Rights and Permissions website, at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintlnfo.asp. DO1: 10.1525/RH.200A27.2.218. Reviews 219 thoughts and actions of the thymos. In his Techniques of Proof in 4th Century Rhctoiic, Tobias Rheinhardt finds connections between Aristotle s Rhetoric, his dialectical theory' in the Topics, and the Rhetorica Ad Alexandrum in respect of arguments related to some of the standard themes of deliberative and forensic oratory; This chapter begins and ends with a welcome reassertion of the view that the birth of rhetorical theory is to be assigned firmly to the Fifth Century: a fact which can easily be established by noticing the recurrence of a wide array of technical proofs and topoi in Antiphon and the early speeches how Aristotle defines an ideal written text as one which is susceptible to oral performance, and that epideictic oratory is aimed at an audience which is both spectator and critic, who dissects a discourse and passes judgement on the question of whether the author/speaker has discovered all the possible means of persuasion. She notes that Aristotle differs from his predecessors in distinguishing between styles suitable for deliberative and forensic oratory. Her study also clarifies several of the obscurities in Aristotle's account of these styles by reconciling different parts of it. In Carl Werner Muller's Der Euripideische Philoktet und Die Rhetorik des 4. Jnhrhunderts the starting-point is Dion of Prusa's opinion that the rhetorical content of Euripides Philoctetes distinguishes it from its Aeschylean and...

Reviews 231 Caroline van Eck, Classical Rhetoric and the Visual Arts in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge & New York, 2007 225 pp. The central claim of Caroline van Eek's new book is that classical rhetoric s treatment of the non-verbal and figurative aspects of persuasive communication influenced both the producers and consumers of visual art and architecture in early modern Europe. Primarily drawing on discussions of gesture and image in Quintilian and Cicero (but also Aristotle and Long­ inus), van Eck links what she sees as the primary aim of oratory—vivid representation, enarycia—to the v isual realm of image making. Classical rhetoricians who argued that figurative language and gesture enabled or­ ators to bring their subject to life before the eyes (and the mind's eye) gave early modern artists and spectators a framework within which to create and experience visual art. The argument of the book is that classical rhetoric and early modern visual art share an emphasis on figuration, defined by van Eck as "giving an outward, visible shape to emotion, thoughts or memories that creates the illusion of human life and agency" (p. 9). Attending to figuration by viewing early modern v isual art through the lens of rhetoric rather than post-Kantian aesthetics, van Eck argues, offers a better understanding of the socio-cultural function of art in the period. After making the case for a connection between rhetoric and the visual arts in the Introduction, van Eck devotes the first section of the book to theory. The two chapters that make up this section offer detailed readings of Alberti's De Pictura and three Italian Renaissance architectural treatises, by Vincenzo Scamozzi, Gherardo Spini, and Daniel Barbaro. The discussion of Alberti is focused on linking the representational character of painting to the role of representation in rhetorical theory. While there is little doubt that visual artists were concerned with representation, van Eck argues that the role of persuasion in that representative enterprise has not been adequately explored. Similarly, while the persuasive aspect of oratory is an obvious focus of classical rhetorical theory, it is the goal of vividly representing human activity that made rhetoric an important conceptual toolbox for an art theorist like Alberti. Viewed in this way, rhetoric and visual art share common ground in seeking to bring to life that which is absent. The argument is compelling, though the emphasis on painting as per­ suasive representation elides aesthetic considerations in favor of an under­ standing of artistic practice as a form of interested communication. Of course, this is van Eek's point: that the influence of Kantian aesthetics (particularly the disinterested appreciation of the beautiful) on art history has obscured the value early modern artists and spectators placed on the ability of an artwork to move or persuade. In pointing out the historical difference sep­ arating Renaissance and Enlightenment subjects, van Eck reveals interesting connections between rhetoric and the visual arts. If there is a limitation to the approach it is in van Eek's tendency to subordinate pleasing or delightful aspects of the work of art to its ability to persuade. This tendency takes 232 RHETORICA the discussion away from the particularities of individual works of art in the service of demonstrating the consistent, but more general emphasis on vividness of representation. If some of the discussion of representation is overly general, the same cannot be said about the van Eek's treatment of her specialty, architectural theory When she turns to architecture in the second chapter, for example, the discussion takes on a less speculative and more scholarly tone. This may stem from the fact that the attitude toward architecture that she hopes to reveal is by her own admission "rarely made explicit" in the period (p. 31). To uncover the hidden relationship between rhetoric and architecture she turns to the somewhat neglected work of Spini, Barbaro, and Scamozzi. What van Eck finds in these treatises is relatively clear evidence of the direct influence of classical rhetorical authorities on the three authors' conceptualization of architecture as a persuasive art form intimately linked to human knowledge and activity. Yet the concentration on three minor works begs the question...

Reviews 225 aggiornata bibliografía, offrono un panorama orgánico e articolato della straordinaria vitalita della forma declamazione e della sua adattabilitá ai contesti storici e cultuiali piú vari. 1 risultati della ricerca, innovativi e propositi\i, confeimano la finalitá dei seminari, di esplorare la complessitá di un filone di studi particolarmente fertile e ricco di spunti. Graziana Brescia Università di Foggia Delphine Reguig-Naya, Le Corps des Idées: Pensées et Poétiques du Langage dans l'Augustinisme de Port-Royal. Arnauld, Nicole, Pascal, Mme de La Fayette, Racine. Paris: Honoré Champion, 2007. 836 pp. Hannah Dawson, Locke, Language, and Early-Modern Philosophy. Cam­ bridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 361 pp. Alberto Bordogna, Gli Idoli del Foro: Retorica e Mito nel Pensiero di Giambattista Vico. Rome: Aracne, 2007. 171 pp. Recently, a number of books have appeared that restate more precisely the terms of the debate that enveloped rhetoric in the period of its occlusion between approximately 1650 and 1800. For decades historians of rhetoric have been conscious of the broad and virulent attack on rhetoric, both as practice and as theory, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In com­ parison to its centrality in the Renaissance and its conspicuous reinvention in late modernity, the decline of rhetoric in the intervening period is striking. Yet increasingly scholars have begun to show that any history of rhetoric in this period must go beyond the headline critiques of the art of persuasion mounted by many of the leading philosophical authorities of the age. Indeed, a number of sophisticated studies have begun to appear that trace the ironic afterlife of rhetorical categories in intellectual projects that both emblematize eighteenth-century inquiry and eschew any overt allegiance to rhetoric as a disciplinary formation (see David L. Marshall, "Early Modern Rhetoric: Recent Research in German, Italian, French, and English," Intellectual History Review 17 (2007): 75-93). This review examines some of the issues involved in the problem of language in early modern thought by tracing them through recent work on Port-Royal, Locke, Vico, and—briefly—Herder. As Delphine Reguig-Naya attests time and again in her recent treatment of Port-Royal writers on the subject of language, the ideal for thinkers such as Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole is often a kind of transparency in which language becomes a window on the mind free from distortion (p. 35). Thought is presumed to exist independently of its expression and, as a result, the task of expression is to render faithfully something already fully formed internally. This basic assumption about the separability of thought and language is related to a series of other points of departure that mark the Port-Royal school and figure prominently in many early modern critiques of 226 RHETORICA rhetorical assumptions about language: that the word and not the sentence is the more basic linguistic unit (p. 39), that syntax ought to mirror the structure of thought (p. 73), that representations arrived at arbitrarily are preferable to the lines of inquiry set in motion by the myriad formulations of resemblance (p. 93), that the mind moves much more quickly than speech and on a different track (p. 187), and that the equivocation of terms is the most dangerous problem posed by the embodiment of thought in signs (p. 195). Yet precisely because Port-Royalist anthropology owed so much to the Christian sense of the fall, rhetoric is also understood to be inevitable. If the sensuality of rhetorical address is suspect, it can (and must) be used on behalf of the good. Thus, even if enthymemes are characteristic of the kind of compromises and abbreviations that the tongue must make in order to keep pace with the brain, they are also so natural that they cannot simply be legislated out of existence (p. 63). Likewise, despite its reliance on the equivocating quality of resemblance, metaphor is endemic in language (p. 470). If the traditional domain of rhetorical self-consciousness—direct oral exchange—is more dangerous because of the diversity and potency of the various sensual media in play, the Port-Royalists place an equally rhetorical emphasis on the particular form of language that was the staple of hermeneutic activity—namely, textual...

In his Holy Sonnets, the English Renaissance poet and divine John Donne (1572–1631) gives voice to powerful emotional outbursts. Previous critics have mostly been concerned with the religious context and theological positions of the sonnets. This study rather attempts to isolate the psychological context of the poems by relating them to the early modern discourse on the passions. In order to grasp the pathos of Donne’s Holy Sonnets, we need to consider the advice on how to handle violent emotion in such treatises as Thomas Wright’s The Passions of the Minde in Generall (1604) and Edward Reynolds’s A Treatise of the Passions and Faculties of the Soule of Man (1640).

Historians of science resist recognizing a role for mathematics in The Origin of Species on the grounds that Darwin’s arguments are inductive and mathematics is deductive, while rhetoricians seem to oppose the idea that deductive mathematical arguments fall within the jurisdiction of rhetorical analysis. A close textual analysis of the arguments in The Origin and a careful examination of the methodological/philosophical context in which Darwin is doing science, however, challenges these objections against and assumptions about the role of mathematical warrants in Darwin’s arguments and their importance to his rhetorical efforts in the text.

Résumé: Il s'agit ici d'analyser la façon dont al-Fārābī (870–950) a interprété l'ēthos aristotélicien dans les Didascalia in Rethoricam Aristotelis ex glosa Alpharabii, introduction de son Grand Commentaire à la Rhétorique d'Aristote. Alors qu'Aristote organise ses moyens de persuasion en fonction du critère de technicité (pisteis entechnoi vs pisteis atechnoi), al-Fārābī choisit de les classer selon un critère formel puisqu'il distingue les moyens de persuasion syllogistiques des moyens de persuasion non syllogistiques. Pour être cernée au plus près, l'interprétation farabienne de l'ēthos aristotélicien nécessite la prise en compte des conditions dans lesquelles la transmission de la Rhétorique d'Aristote s'est opérée dans le monde oriental, ainsi que le contexte culturel, politico-religieux et philosophique propre à la composition des Didascalia.

Il s’agit ici d’analyser la façon dont al-Fārābī (870–950) a interprété l’ēthos aristotélicien dans les Didascalia in Rethoricam Aristotelis ex glosa Alpharabii, introduction de son Grand Commentaire à la Rhétorique d’Aristote. Alors qu’Aristote organise ses moyens de persuasion en fonction du critère de technicité (pistéis entechnoi vs pisteis atechnoi), al-Fārābī choisit de les classer selon un critère formel puisqu’il distingue les moyens de persuasion syllogistiques des moyens de persuasion non syllogistiques. Pour être cernée au plus près, l’interprétation farabienne de l’ēthos aristotélicien nécessite la prise en compte des conditions dans lesquelles la transmission de la Rhétorique d’Aristote s’est opérée dans le monde oriental, ainsi que le contexte culturel, politico-religieux et philosophique propre à la composition des Didascalia.

Book Review| August 01 2008 Review: Redner und Rhetorik: Studie zur Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte des Rednerideals, by Franz-Hubert Robling, The Ethos of Rhetoric, by Michael J. Hyde Franz-Hubert Robling: Redner und Rhetorik: Studie zur Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte des Rednerideals (Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte: Sonderheft 5) (Hamburg: Meiner, 2007); 305 S. ISBN 3-7873-1834-8.Michael J. Hyde, ed.: The Ethos of Rhetoric (Studies in Rhetoric/Communication) (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2004). XXVIII, 231 pp. ISBN 1-57003-538-5. Rhetorica (2008) 26 (3): 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2008.26.3.339 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Review: Redner und Rhetorik: Studie zur Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte des Rednerideals, by Franz-Hubert Robling, The Ethos of Rhetoric, by Michael J. Hyde. Rhetorica 1 August 2008; 26 (3): 339–343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2008.26.3.339 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2008 by the Regents of the University of California2008 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Reviews 339 Latomus on the orations of Cicero, published in Paris as early as 1531 by the freshly arrived Flemish printer Chrétien Wechel, would have been recorded in the RRSTC. As is well known, the activities of these young German scholars were of crucial importance for the development and—rhetorical— orientation of what is now called the Collège de France, founded in 1530. I am sure that any other specialist of a limited field of study can make critical remarks of this kind. Some will be justified, others rejected with good reason by the authors of the RRSTC. Not one single person will be capable of asking pertinent questions concerning the full scope of the catalogue: that privilege—if it is one—is restricted to J. J. Murphy and L. D. Green. This new edition of the RRSTC is a landmark in the history of Renais­ sance scholarship. It is a life-time achievement, but not in the sense that it is now in its final and definitive state. The authors promise to add in due course not only new entries, but full indexes of dates, places of publication, printers. The addition of these indexes would indeed enhance the value of the book and make it accessible to a larger and more diverse audience. Considering all the work that has been done so far, one hesitates to impose another task on the authors' shoulders. Is there no end to their efforts? There seems to be none. The heavv and grateful use of the RRSTC by the entire scholarly community will be their due reward. Kees Meerhoff Huizinga Instituut, Universiteit van Amsterdam Franz-Hubert Robling: Redner und Rhetorik: Studie zur Regriffs- und Ideengeschichte des Rednerideals (Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte: Sonderheft 5) (Hamburg: Meiner, 2007); 305 S. ISBN 3-7873-1834-8. Michael J. Hyde, ed.: The Ethos ofRhetoric (Studies in Rhetoric / Com­ munication) (Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press, 2004). XXVIII, 231 pp. ISBN 1-57003-538-5. L'étude de F.-H. Robling (= FHR), réalisée dans le cadre du projet de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft «Historisches Wôrterbuch der Rhetorik», se propose d'étudier l'image idéale de l'orateur, telle qu'elle a été conçue en rhétorique depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au 18e s. Ce programme, embrassant une période qui s'étend sur plus de vingt siècles, relève a priori d'une gageure, mais l'auteur souligne dans la préface que son intention est d'offrir un regard synthétique sur une tradition qui s'achève avec Kant. Après avoir dégagé un aperçu sur l'état des recherches (pp. 13-23), FHR défend la méthode qu'il a ici adoptée: c'est en suivant le fil de l'histoire des idées, en prenant en compte les contextes technique, culturel, éthique et anthropologique particulier, qu il se propose de reconstruire le concept esthétique, philosophique et culturel d'«orateur», entendu comme «Sub- 340 RHETORICA jekt der Rhetorik, wie ihn die rhetorische Kunstlehre in ihren kanonischen Schriften behandelt» (p. 28). Le livre se divise en quatre parties. Dans une première partie (pp. 29-73: «Teil A: Der Redner als Fachmann der Rede: Das antike Grundmodell), Fauteur étudie le modèle antique de l'orateur, conçu par la sophistique, puis Aristote et la rhétorique d'école gréco-romaine, comme spécialiste et «technicien» (techmtès, artifex) du dis­ cours. FHR poursuit son examen avec une courte réflexion sur les tâches de l'orateur qui, dès l'Antiquité, révèlent une opposition entre, d'une part, une conception moralement neutre de la technique, où l'on demande à l'orateur de convaincre à travers un discours efficace, et, d'autre part, une orientation éthique en vertu de laquelle l'orateur doit persuader de ce qui est bien et présenter un comportement irréprochable et un caractère honnête. Mais la subjectivité de celui qui prend la parole entre aussi en jeu; c'est ce que FHR étudie dans les pages qui suivent, avant de montrer, dans un dernier cha­ pitre, comment les situations publiques dans lesquelles...

446 RHETORICA sensitive passages (one satirizing Samuel Johnson's prose style is particularly cutting)" (xi). Again, one wishes for a textual apparatus that would bring those changes to light. In sum, while the volume does not make a notable contribution to the rich and complex textual history of Blair's Lectures, this is a perfectly usable edition of the text accompanied by an excellent Introduction. H. Lewis Ulman The Ohio State University Le Livre de la Rhétorique du philosophe et médecin Ibn Tunilüs (Alhagiag bin Thalmus). Introduction générale, édition critique du texte arabe, traduction française et tables par Maroun Aouad. Paris, Vrin,«Textes et Traditions», 2006. CXXIX p. + 177 p. ISBN : 978-2-7117-1916-0. 46€. Après une brève présentation d'ïbn Tumlüs (= IT), l'introduction évoque l'importance que revêt le Livre de la Rhétorique d'un point de vue biogra­ phique: ce traité prouve avec évidence—ce qui n'a jamais été fait jusqu'à présent—qu'IT est un disciple d'Averroès puisqu'il a utilisé ici un texte phi­ losophique du Cordouan, le Commentaire moyen à la "Rhétorique" d'Aristote. Le Livre de la Rhétorique est ensuite situé dans l'économie générale de l'Introduction à l'Art de la Logique d'IT (conservé dans un unicum de l'Escurial), dont il occupe environ 20% du nombre total de folios—c'est dire son importance—puis parmi les différentes sciences énumérées par l'auteur dans son prologue (il faut distinguer à ce titre la rhétorique de tradition philosophique et la rhétorique purement arabe, qui s'occupe du style, de la langue, sans trop se soucier de la vérité ou de la vraisemblance de ce qui est dit). Le plan du Livre de la Rhétorique, repris en détail infra (p. CXXIII-CXXIX) et qui a l'avantage de donner une idée générale de ce dont traite IT, est suivi d'une section (p. VI-X) où M. Aouad (= MA) examine avec précision les sources du Livre de la Rhétorique, en ne tenant compte que des convergences littérales (et non doctrinales) qui existent entre IT d'une part et Averroès, al-Fârâbï et Avicenne d'autre part. Les phrases ou expressions communes à IT et aux trois philosophes sont très nettement mises en évidence grâce à une saisie en caractères gras dans de nombreux passages du Livre de la Rhétorique (tous cités dans l'annexe, p. LXXXVIII-CXXII). Il ressort de ces analyses que la source principale d'IT est le Commentaire moyen il la "Rhétorique" d Aristote d’Averroès—et ce, pour l’ensemble du Livre de la Rhétorique—que ses sources secondaires (IT indique lui-même avoir utilisé des «livres») sont Avicenne (Rhétorique du Shifâ ), Averroès (Abrégé de la Rhétorique) et al- Fârâbï [Livre de la Rhétorique)—très majoritairement dans les cinq premiers folios du Livre de la Rhétorique—et qu'IT ne s'est pas directement appuyé sur la traduction arabe de la Rhétorique d’Aristote. MA examine ensuite, citations d'IT à l'appui, le but et la méthode du Livre de la Rhétorique (p. X-XV). Ni commentaire, ni abrégé, ce traité au Reviews 447 statut si particulier se propose de préparer le néophyte à une étude plus poussée de la rhétorique. Si on le compare au reste de la tradition arabe, IT piopose un traitement assez inattendu de la rhétorique: non seulement il ne ménage qu’une place très secondaire à la valeur politique de cet art, mais il procède aussi a une réinterprétation—bien plus profonde que ne fut celle de ses prédécesseurs—des moyens de persuasion à la lumière des sciences juridico-theologiques de 1 Islam. La méthode suivie dans le Livre de In Rhétorique est explicitement présentée par son auteur: utilisation d autres livres, refus de traiter certains points trop particuliers ou procéd...

442 RHETORICA Judy Z. Segal, Health and the Rhetoric of Medicine (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005), 208 pp., $50.00 cloth, ISBN 0-8093-2677-9. Humanists who study medical discourse are a diverse crowd. They hail from disciplines ranging from anthropology and bioethics to rhetoric and composition studies. Lacking a lingua franca, these scholars understandably draw from the divergent traditions of their primary fields. What has ar­ guably been missing is a comprehensive account of medical discourse aris­ ing squarely from the rhetorical tradition. University of British Columbia rhetorical theorist Judy Z. Segal's Health and the Rhetoric ofMedicine fills this void. Demonstrating the heuristic potential of rhetorical principles for un­ derstanding health and medicine broadly construed, Segal offers a series of lucidly-rendered case studies investigating the role of persuasion in shaping patients, practitioners, and illnesses alike. Segal insists on the uniqueness of particular medico-historical moments. In “Chapter One: A Kairology of Biomedicine," she advances “a study of historical moments as rhetorical opportunities" (23). To illustrate kairology's application, Segal traces shifting accounts of the patient narrator from the eighteenth century forward. Her emphasis is not medical history per se, but how medical history reveals the types of persuasion enabled by particu­ lar changes in medicine. Kairology thus informs the rhetorically-focused medical histories to come. However, her analyses derive insights from Ken­ neth Burke and an eclectic mix of classical and contemporary rhetorical theory. Segal presents seven analysis chapters flanked by a theoretically-based introduction and conclusion in a compact 158 pages of text. These build on Segal's previous publications including reprinted portions of three essays. After the opening chapter on kairology, "Chapter Two: Patient Audience, The Rhetorical Construction of the Migraineur" examines how physicians' char­ acterizations of headache patients influence the doctor-patient encounter and preferred treatments. Segal tracks the construction of the migraineur in medical writing from 1873 through the twenty-first century wherein the migraine personality has become situated in pharmacological terms. "Chap­ ter Three: The Epideictic Rhetoric of Pathography" analyzes illness narra­ tives, and their study, as value-laden rhetoric of praise and blame. Segal focuses on three complicating narrators: the pro-anorexia internet narrator who interpellates the community, the resistant narrator of Barbara Ehrenreich who challenges the tyranny of cheerfulness in breast cancer narratives, and the commercialized narrator of Carla Cantor whose hypochondria queststory represents the pathologized subject. "Chapter Four: Hypochondria as a Rhetorical Disorder" unpacks the strategic ambiguity of hypochondriacs' discourse recasting the condition from a medical mystery to a mystery of motive with historical and current examples. In "Chapter Five: A Rhetoric of Death and Dying," the book's most haunting and personal chapter, Se­ gal interrogates end-of-life rhetoric by analyzing dialogue surrounding her Reviews 443 mother's death and advanced care planning interviews to argue that in­ stitutionalized end-of-life encounters structurally impede fair deliberation. "Chapter Six: Values, Metaphors, and Health Policy" awakens the "sleeping" metaphors in health-care-policv rhetoric, exposing the values underlying medicine is war, diagnosis is health, and body as machine, for example. "Chapter Seven: The Problem of Patient 'Noncompliance': Paternalism, Expertise, and the Ethos of the Physician" addresses problems of physician authority as embedded in the terms patient non-compliance, adherence, and concordance. In her concluding section, Segal underscores the rhetorical lexicon's utility for comprehending medicine and health. Segal ably mixes insightful application of principles to particular cases with mid-level theorizing about the place of rhetoric in medicine and health. Although she draws from an interdisciplinary reservoir, her core an­ alytic concepts are well known to suasion scholars: kairos, genre, audience, metaphor, narrative, interpellation, and ethos. A second strength is her at­ tention to intersecting interactional, public, and institutional discourses. Her persistent focus on persuasion, clear prose, and accessible explanation of concepts make this volume a solid choice for upper-division undergraduate and graduate courses in rhetoric. It should also be useful for medical human­ ists who want to access rhetorical insights: her book shows how rhetorical thinking can uncover historical particularities while fostering generalized insights. The scope of cases considered is impressive, as are the connections to history of medicine scholarship. One of the...

This study examines the rhetorical practice of James Forten, an African American activist of the early republic. Focusing on four texts written between 1800 and 1832 for white audiences and considering Forten’s efforts to align white readers with the plight of both free and enslaved American blacks, I explore pathos (particularly as conceived by eighteenth-century Scottish rhetoricians), the suppliant ethos, appeals based on Pennsylvania and U.S. legal and political traditions, and arguments addressing the practical concerns of the audience. Through such analysis, I demonstrate Forten’s pioneering role in the development of African American deliberative rhetoric.

Abstract The celebrated inventor of the “Ocular Harpsichord” is less well known as the author of Mathématique universelle, published in 1728. In this work, the Jesuit teacher develops a cheerful method of instruction in inspired by his desire to popularize a discipline hitherto marked with the seal of austerity. In order to clear away the illusory superiority of professional geometers, Father Castel makes argumentative breaks from tradition, aiming to devalue the ethos of contemporary mathematicians. Through textual analysis of certain rhetorical professions such as candid directness (aretè), ostentatious goodwill (eunoia) and, in a more general sense, the dissociation of appearance from reality, the present study seeks to place in evidence certain ethical concerns which were shaking Jesuite learned world in its confrontation with the new epistemology of the century of the Enlightenment.

Certain people, says Julian, make a display of the letters they have received from the emperor the way parvenues display their expensive rings. It is perhaps for this reason that we have conserved from this emperor more than thirty pieces—short notes and more developed missives—which call attention to epistolary style in its strictest sense, because they are addressed as from one individual to another, and not as from a sovereign to his subjects or his representatives. The recipients make up a small network of people who share intellectual and religious affinities with the sender. This study seeks to show how epistolary theory in Antiquity was able to be put into practice by Julian. The function of the letter is analysed, therefore, and the mise en scène of the epistolary process, the forms of the incipit and the desinit. Beyond the traditional theme of the letter as an expression of friendship, one notes in this correspondence themes of piety, work, and haste, which are rather specific to Julian, but perhaps also coded because they are constituent parts of his ethos.

Célèbre inventeur du «clavecin oculaire», le P. Castel est aussi l’auteur moins connu d’une Mathématique universelle publiée en 1728. Dans cet ouvrage, cet enseignant jésuite développe une méthode riante d’apprentissage où transparaît la volonté de po-pulariser une discipline marquée du sceau de l’austérité. Afin de dissiper l’illusoire supériorité des géomètres de profession, le P. Castel établit une série de ruptures argumentatives visant à dévaloriser l’ethos des mathématiciens de son temps. À travers l’analyse textuelle de procédés rhétoriques tels la franchise directe (l’aretè), l’usage de marques ostentatoires de bienveillance (l’eunoia) ou encore, de manière plus générale, la dissociation des notions d’apparence et de réalité, la présente étude cherche à mettre en évidence certains enjeux éthiques qui secouent alors le monde savant jésuite aux prises avec la nouvelle épistémologie du siècle des Lumières.