The panegyrics of twelfth-century Byzantium have long been regarded as second-rate rhetoric. This paper, however, attempts to show that the panegyrics of one author at least, Eustathios of Thessaloniki, were not in the eyes of the Byzantines second-rate, and in fact conform to ideals which were in operation in his time. The so-called “Theory of Ideas” of Hermogenes is first considered, then the operation of the ideals of Atticism, variety and (although this is particularly alien to us) obscurity in Byzantine rhetoric. The way in which the different types of style which Hermogenic theory recognizes varies according to the dictates of the subject-matter is considered in the case of Eustathios’s 1174 and 1176 Epiphany orations for the Emperor. A particularly florid passage from the 1176 speech is presented as an example of the way in which Hermogenic “Theory” can be used to analyse rhetoric, and the three principles of Atticism, variety and obscurity are shown also to be operating in the text.

342 RHETORICA dialogues comes to a definite conclusion, they all point to the need for further investigation and reflection, and they all have one or more "deliberate gaps" (pp. 18-19; 103-108). Szlezak does not argue for the general superiority of oral discourse over its written counterpart. Rather, he shows that oral discourse has a higher status but only for those capable of playing the role of a philosopher, more specifically a dialectician in the Platonic tradition. To play such a role requires that one identify significant topics for discussion (it is simply not the case that any one topic is as good as any other), expedite the discussion through poignant questions, refute objections, and defend doctrines committed to writing. Effectively, a Platonic dialectician possesses something of higher value (ta timiotera) than his philosophical writings (p. 49). This something consists of doctrines whose articulation happens orally and whose function is to support, defend, or extend written doctrines. Reading Plato is a good piece of scholarship, it guides the reader through Plato's dialogues carefully and thoughtfully. And it raises questions that expose the limitations of the disciples of Derridolatry. At the same time, however, it brings attention to several theoretical issues that Szlezak does not address. For example, how is a contemporary reader to "adapt himself to the perspective of the author, against all kinds of prejudices and resistance which are specific to modern times"? How can one identify the author's intention? Granted, "Plato's own devaluation of writing" (p. xii) has been devalued or inverted; but how are we to locate his oral or unwritten philosophy? What processes are involved in the move from the written to the spoken? Had Szlezak engaged these questions, his book would hav e been more interesting. Despite his silence on these matters, Szlezak renews the incentive for reading Plato and enjoying "the artistic perfection of his philosophical dra­ mas" (p. 1). Likewise, he tacitly reaffirms the notion that reading and inter­ preting Plato silently are only two steps of a three-step process; the third step involves participating in oral discussions of the written doctrines Plato left behind. John Poulakos University of Pittsburgli Greig Henderson and David Cratis Williams eds, Unending Conversa­ tions: New Writings by and about Kenneth Burke (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2001), xviii + 233 pp. Jack Selzer, Kenneth Burke in Greenwich Village: Conversing with the Moderns, 1915-31 (Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1996), xx + 284 pp. These recent studies of Kenneth Burke make significant strides towards a reappraisal of Burke s theories by situating their arguments within a variety Reviews 343 of academic discourses. However, neither text does so at the expense of Burke's relevance to rhetoric. Selzer's study skillfully demonstrates Burke's wider literary relevance. Likewise, Unending Conversations publishes for the first time selections from Burke's unfinished aesthetic theory and compiles essays considering his inter-disciplinary relevance. Adopting current notions of a modernist period "less a coherent and lin­ ear movement today.. .and more a controversy or conversation" (p. 4) Selzer demonstrates his familiarity with current trends in modernist scholarship at the same time as he employs Burke's famous metaphor of life as an "unend­ ing conversation". Primarily using Burke's extensive correspondence, Selzer tracks his intellectual development throughout the 1920s. The text's first two chapters describe Burke's integration into a number of Greenwich Village's artistic cliques and present the text's thesis: Burke "shaped and was shaped by modernist ideas during the first fifteen years of his career" (p. 6) of his participation in the modernist "conversation". Chapter 3 contextualizes Burke's early "classroom" attempts at symbol­ ist poetry within its overall influence on modernist art and his sometimes contentious relationship with his friend William Carlos Williams. The chap­ ter continues to suggest that Burke's early interest in symbolist poets led to his first pieces of analytical criticism (p. 84). Chapters 4 and 7 examine Burke's short fiction and only novel respec­ tively. Among the most interesting aspects of the book are these chapters' description and analysis of his work, both in terms of their aesthetics and as a means of suggesting their theoretical anticipation of...

Reviews 271 Tersite (p. 251): L. Spina analyse, dans le cadre des rapports entre l'orateur et le contenu de son discours, condamnations et réhabilitations de Thersite (Iliade, II, 211-277), de Libanios à La Stampa. Dans La testimonianza diAtanasio sul Péri hupokriseôs di Teofrasto (177,368 Rabe = 712 FHS & G) (p. 271), M. Vallozza examine un texte d'Athanasios dans les Prolégomènes au Péri staseôn d'Hermogène comme témoignage sur le Péri hupokriseôs de Théophraste et justifie la correction par Rabe de ton tonon tes psukhês en ton tonon tês phones. On se réjouit que chaque article soit accompagné d'une bibliographie judicieusement sélective et parfaitement à jour. Cela contribue à faire de ce livre une mise au point sur la recherche dans le champ de a rhétorique et une invitation à s'engager sur les pistes tracées, qu'il s'agisse d'auteurs, de thèmes ou d'approches nouvelles. Michel Nouhaud Université de Limoges Michel Patillon, Hermogène, l'Art rhétorique. Traduction française inté­ grale, traduction et notes, Préface de Pierre Laurens (Paris, L'Age d'homme, 1997), 640pp. In his Lives of the Sophists Philostratos tells of the rise and fall of the adolescent prodigy Hermogenes (577K). By the age of fifteen his reputation was such that Marcus Aurelius came to hear him declaim and left amazed by his talent for improvisation. But, says Philostratos, his powers suddenly and inexplicably deserted him, leaving him to live out the rest of his life in obscurity, far from the glittering prizes of the sophistic performance circuit. The rhetorical textbooks attributed to him, however, became the standard rhetorical curriculum throughout the Byzantine middle ages, before being introduced to Reniassance Europe through the work of Greek émigrés like George of Trebizond. Only two of the treatises, On Issues (Peri Staseôn) and On Types of Style (Peri Ideon Logou) are now accepted as second-century works, the others having been added in the 5th or 6th century. But the corpus as edited by Rabe and as translated here in its entirety for the first time, does show us the full range of the rhetorical curriculum of the later Empire. Starting from Progymnasmata, the collection progresses to the complexities of stasis theory — the systematic analysis of the types of question arising in declamation — in On Issues. The treatises Peri Heureseôs (On Invention) and On Types of Style treat the art of composing a speech, and the choice of style. Finally, the curious treatise on the method of "forcefulness (or simply skillfulness as in Patillon's choice of the French term "habileté"), Peri methodou deinotêtos, provides a collection of advice on a variety of problems likely to face the declaimer such as "how to praise oneself". 272 RHETORICA The two treatises generally accepted as works of Hermogenes have been translated separately into English (On Types of Style by C. Wooten, On Issues notably by M. Heath) and into Russian. But, with the exception of the Progymnasmata, the others have never before been available in a modern language, nor has the corpus been accessible as a whole. Patillon's elegant and clear translation is accompanied by copious notes elucidating the mean­ ing of Greek terms, unpacking the unspoken assumptions about language and communication which inform the texts, opening up questions which the rhetoricians themselves took for granted. He also pinpoints the relevant passages of the Late Antique and Byzantine treatises and commentaries preserved in the largely uncharted waters of Walz's Rhetores Graeci. The sub­ stantial introduction (over 100 pages) provides a concise characterisation of the literary and rhetorical culture from which the Hermogenean corpus emerged, discussion of questions of authorship, and an invaluable overview of each of the constituent parts of the corpus. A preface by Pierre Laurens traces the reception of the corpus, particularly the treatise On Types of Style, in the Renaissance and Early Modern periods. The bibliography and indices are full and extremely useful (though the index of Greek words does not always give every occurrence of a term). The publication date did not allow for the inclusion of Patillon's...

Renaissance humanists modified rather than rejected the medieval adaptation of classical rhetoric to letter writing, but they came to scorn the “barbaric” grammar of the ars dictaminis. This development followed the widespread dissemination through printing, beginning in 1471, of the Elegantiae of Lorenzo Valla and its imitators. Niccolo Perotti incorporated Valla’s approach to language in a section on epistolography of his Rudimenta grammatices, and soon letter writing and elegantiae became closely associated in textbooks. By about 1500, not only medieval writers but even humanist pioneers of an earlier generation and contemporary professionals who dared to defend established epistolary etiquette were under attack. By 1522, when Erasmus published his De conscribendis epistolis, medieval formulas had become merely comic.

Reviews L. Calboli Montefusco ed., Papers on Rhetoric III (Bologna: CLUEB, 2000), 281pp. On doit savoir gré à Lucia Calboli Montefusco d'avoir assuré la pub­ lication si rapide de ce recueil d'articles issus de communications présentées au XIL Congrès de la Société Internationale d'Histoire de la Rhétorique (Amsterdam, juillet 1999). Ces articles recouvrent une très longue période, allant d'Homère à l'époque médiévale, ce qui et peut-être justifié un classe­ ment chronologique. Leur diversité, leur originalité témoignent du regain de faveur que connaissent les recherches actuelles dans le domaine de la rhétorique et font de ce livre un ouvrage particulièrement stimulant. Dans The S. C. de Cn. Pisone pâtre: Asianisam and Juridical Language (p. 1), G. Calboli étudie les particularités linguistiques de ce Senatus Con­ sultant et y distingue une influence de l'éloquence rhodienne et des traits d'asianisme (grand nombre des relatives). Il met en lumière le rôle joué par Tibère dans la rédaction de ce texte, qui apparaît comme un document sur l'école de rhétorique de Théodore de Gadara. Dans Aristóteles' Benutzung des homoion in argumentatio und elecutio (p. 27), L. Calboli Montefusco con­ sidère la catégorie philosophique de Yhomoion comme le fondement de la rhétorique elle-même. Elle analyse son utilisation à l'intérieur de la preuve logique sur des exemples empruntés à la Rhétorique et aux Topiques ainsi que sa fonction stylistique dans l'élaboration des métaphores. Avec II sesto libro delT Institutio oratoria de Quintilian: la trasmissione del sapere, Tattualita storica, Tesperienza autobiográfica (p. 61), M. S. Celentano souligne la transfor­ mation du maître de rhétorique, qui devient un éducateur, un formateur de la jeunesse, par l'introduction dans son oeuvre, à côté des procédés tech­ niques, de son expérience personnelle et d'une réflexion autobiographique à valeur pédagogique. Quelques observations sur la théorie du discours figuré dans la Tekhnê du Ps.-Denys d'Halicarnasse (p. 75) nous sont données par P. Chiron, qui s'intéresse essentiellement au chapitre 9 de ce texte: l'auteur y décrit le discours figuré, qui consiste à "feindre de dire une chose et à en dire une autre". Ce chapitre prend ses distances vis-à-vis de la déclamation, comme de l'analyse linguistique, pour s'ouvrir sur un réel à charactère poli­ tique dans lequel les situations sont diversifiées. Dans Meeting the People: the Orator and the Republican Contio at Rome (p. 95), E. Fantham analyse les exigences rhétoriques de ces assemblées informelles que sont les contiones en faisant appel au témoignage de Cicéron, qui a vu, au cours de sa carrière, le caractère de ces réunions passer du meilleur au pire. Ethos and 269 270 RHETORICA Argument: The Ethos of the Speaker and the Ethos of the Audience (p. 113), tel est le rapport qu'E. Garver cherche à déterminer à partir de la remarque d'Aristote (Rhét. 1356al3) faisant de Yêthos le moyen de prouver le plus efficace. L'orateur ne peut viser à Yêthos sans en faire une fonction de lo­ gos, sa rhétorique devenant un art de l'apparence et de la manipulation. Ainsi Yêthos de l'orateur émerge-t-il de Yêthos de son public. Dans Cicéron critique de l'éloquence stoïcienne (p. 127), C. Lévy commence par présenter quelques personnages que l'orateur "considère comme emblématiques de l'éloquence stoïcienne romaine". Puis il envisage la critique de la rhétorique stoïicienne dans une perspective philosophique (accusation d'obscurité con­ tre les Stoïciens), avant d'étudier la relation entre cette critique et celle que suscitent les Néoattiques et que est d'ordre essentiellement stylistique. La rhétorique de Cicéron s'affirme par contraste avec ces deux conceptions. Avec Sull'uso retorico délia fabula esopica: un esempio nel De virtute di Dione de Prusa (p. 145), A. M. Milazzo étudie l'utilisation de la fable ésopique...

This paper examines the links between Classical (Ciceronian) rhetorical theory and the teaching of medieval Latin prose composition and epistolography between the eleventh century and the renaissance, mainly in Italy Classical rhetorical theory was not replaced by dictamen, nor was it the “research dimension” of everyday dictaminal activity. Rather Classical rhetorical theory, prose composition and epistolography responded to distinct market niches which appeared from time to time in different places as a consequence of social and political changes. Boncompagno’s apparent setting aside of Ciceronian rhetorical theory in favour of stricter notarial and dictaminal procedures was in turn superseded by his successors who chose to enrich their notarial theory with studies of classical rhetoric. Classical rhetorical theory proved influential on dictaminal theory and practice. Dictamen was not ousted by classical rhetoric. It only really declined when growing lay literacy and the use of the vernacular combined with the autonomous professionalism of the legal training institutions to erode the privileged position occupied in medieval times by the dictatores.

The influence of dictaminal treatises in England was weak throughout the Middle Ages and largely restricted to a limited number of royal clerks and a few academics. Most practitioners were royal chancery clerks who dealt with foreign and ecclesiastical powers. This article focuses chiefly on the use of dictaminal letters by middle class English citizens in the fifteenth and earlier sixteenth centuries. These letters show little significant influence of continental or English dictaminal theory but are chiefly either sprawling news bulletins like the Paston letters or, more commonly, imitations of the royal missives from the Signet or Privy Seal offices. As the fifteenth century ended even these vestigial dictaminal forms were replaced among the middles classes by business formats, such as the letter of credit, although they retained some use among the upper classes into the sixteenth century and in some royal missives into the eighteenth century. The article concludes with suggestions on ways contemporary genre theory might be usefully applied to analyze the rise and decline of the ars dictaminis.

Con particolare riferimento alle norme tramandate dai manuali composti tra la seconda meta dell’XI secolo e la fine del Quattrocento vengono individuate ed esaminate nel loro manifestarsi in testi rappresentativi del genere le linee di sviluppo dell’ars dictaminis. Questo consente di accertare che nel XV secolo l’ars dictaminis mantiene ancora un ruolo primario non solo come normativa per la scrittura dell’epistola ma anche come corpus di regole riferibili alla composizione di qualsiasi testo, scritto ed orale; in questo periodo la normativa contenuta nei trattati si compone di una mescolanza di elementi tradizionali, che provengono soprattutto dalla trattatistica del XIII secolo, e di innovazione, attraverso spunti dottrinari che hanno la loro prima origine nel XIV secolo.

Reviews 273 A reading of the full Hermogenean corpus also reveals the sheer in­ tellectual demands of the art of declamation as practised by Philostratos's sophists, not to mention countless generations of Greek and Roman school­ boys. We are familiar with the sophist as virtuoso, as histrionic performer of the Greek past. These treatises take us behind the scenes to show the degree of training in analysis, argumentation, arrangement and verbal expression involved, particularly in an improvised performance like the one which im­ pressed Marcus Aurelius. The difficulty of the primary sources has been a great obstacle to the appreciation of late classical rhetoric, one can only hope for more translations like this, with commentaries of this depth. Ruth Webb Princeton University R. Meynet - L. Pouzet - N. Farouki - A. Sinno, Rhétorique sémitique. Texts de la Bible et de la Tradition musulmane (Paris: Ed. du Cerf, 1998), 347pp. Cet ouvrage, rédigé à quatre mains par des chercheurs de l'Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, a déjà été publié en 1993 en version arabe; rédigé originairement en français dès 1985, il est publié ici avec des remaniements et des améliorations substantiels. Son introduction (pp. 7-11) annonce un double but: (1) tenter de définir, à partir de la rhétorique hébraïque et biblique (cette dernière incluant, outre la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Tes­ tament), également le Nouveau Testament, rédigé en grec mais dont le substrat araméen est reconnu), le concept plus large, et par là plus diffi­ cile à cerner, de "rhétorique sémitique", incluant également la composante arabe; et (2) élaborer, ce faisant, une base de travail commune aux "études exégétiques bibliques et musulmanes", qui ne se situent pas actuallement au même stade de développement et qui dès lors nécessitent la convergence d'une "recherche menée en commun entre chrétiens et musulmans pour une meilleure connaissance mutelle" (p. 7). Il faut saluer ce projet généreux et ambitieux, sans oublier - car il date déjà par certains aspects théoriques (cf. infra) - qu'il a pris naissance dans des circonstances certainement difficiles, à Beyrouth dans les années 1980; comme dans les temps anciens, c est d une crise collective profonde que peut surgir la lumière! L'ouvrage est divisé en trois parties. La Ire partie situe "L'analyse rhétorique dans le champ de la critique" (pp.13-112), en présentant briève­ ment "L'histoire des critiques" et "L'analyse rhétorique", cette dernière étant une "opération exégétique" (pp. 105 ss.) qui constitue ici le concept opératoire de base. La IIe partie inclut 14 exemples d' "Analyse rhétorique des textes" (pp. 115-272), regroupés selon les deux structures majeures: "Textes parall èlles" (= Textes No 1-8: Siracide 8, 8-9 - Matthieu 25,31-46 - Luc 6,46-49 274 RHETORICA & Bukhâri, Sahih, 2, 33; 3, 20; 23, 93 bis; 24, 26) et "Textes concentriques" (= Textes No 9-14: Psaume 67 - Proverbes 9, 1-18 - Luc 11, 1-54 & Muslim, Sahih 18 - Bukhâri, Sahih, 1,1 & 1, 6). La IIIe partie, consacrée aux "Bilan et perspectives" (pp. 273-308), anal­ yse successivement : la "Validité de l'analyse rhétorique", ses "Situation et apports" et ses "Domaines". Des indices (réferences bibliques et textes musulmans: auteurs) et une bibliographie complètent cet important volume. Menée selon les principes de "l'analyse rhétorique" (cf. l'ouvrage théorique publié, sous ce titre, par R. Meynet en 1989), la mise en évidence des divers éléments structurels des textes choisis est riche d'enseignements et, par là, convaincante à bien des égards. Les tableaux qui "illustrent" les 14 cas-types constituent ainsi des outils pédagogiques de valeur. La dif­ ficulté majeure, ressentie par le recenseur, est l'absence, dans cet ouvrage approfondi (et rédigé par des auteurs qui sont de bons sémitisants), de toute référence au niveau des langues sémitiques elles-mêmes; en effet, les textes s. étudiés n'y sont présentés qu'en segments textuels rédigés en...

Martin Camargo The Waning of Medieval Ars Dictaminis T he five essays in this special issue grew out of papers presented at the Twelfth Biennial Conference of the Inter­ national Society for the History of Rhetoric (Amsterdam, July 1999), at the session entitled "What Killed the Ars Dictaminis? and When?" four of them ably chaired by Emil Polak. That session originated in a conversation I had with Malcolm Richardson inl997, at the previous ISHR conference, in Saskatoon. We had just discov­ ered that his research on practitioners of vernacular letter writing and mine on teachers of Latin letter writing in late-medieval Eng­ land independently suggested that in England the ars dictaminis had experienced something like what paleontologists call an "extinction event" around 1470. We wondered whether the suddenness of the demise was unique to England. Beyond that, we wondered why the most widely diffused and influential variety of practical rhetoric dur­ ing the later Middle Ages, an art that was highly teachable, adaptable to almost any institutional setting, aligned with key disciplines such as grammar and the law, should have disappeared at all. Having served the communication needs of a broad range of professionals throughout Europe since the late eleventh century, had the ars dic­ taminis simply worn itself out or had new needs arisen to which it could no longer respond? With good reason, more scholarship has focused on the origins of the ars dictaminis than on its demise. It is much simpler to identify the first medieval treatise that teaches how to compose letters than to decide which letter-writing treatise is the last in that tradition. Few of the surviving ancient treatises on rhetoric provide any explicit instruction on letters: in the Latin tradition, the brief chapter on letters that concludes the Ars rhetorica of Julius Victor (fourth century AD) is virtually unique.1 While some such pedagogy clearly existed in 5 Ed. Karl Halm, Rhetores Latini Minores (Leipzig, 1863), pp. 447-48.© The International Society for the History of Rhetoric, Rhetorica, Volume XIX, Number 2 (Spring 2001). Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St, Ste 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223, USA 1 136 RHETORICA ancient times, as it did in the early Middle Ages, the transmission of that pedagogy in textbooks, at least in the Latin West, seems to have been an invention of the late-eleventh and early twelfth centuries. By contrast, letter-writing manuals continued to be produced in great numbers through the end of the Middle Ages, throughout the Renaissance, and up to the present day Thus, to locate the "end" of the medieval tradition is to engage with all the problems attendant on drawing a clear boundary between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Not surprisingly, scholars of medieval and Renaissance epistolography and rhetoric disagree on the sharpness with which such a boundary can be drawn. The most influential proponent of an overlap between medieval ars dictaminis and Renaissance humanism has been Paul O. Kristeller, who argued that a disproportionate number of the early humanists made their living as practitioners and even teachers of the ars dictaminis.2 Their humanistic interests were distinct from their professional duties, and they saw no conflict between writing letters that followed the rules of dictamen in their public capacity even as they imitated the familiar letters of Cicero when writing to their fellow humanists. In a series of important articles and a recent book, Ronald Witt has done more than anyone to develop and extend Kris­ teller's insight, documenting the gradual displacement of medieval dictamen at all levels of letter writing, a process that was not com­ pleted in Italy before the end of the fifteenth century.3 Most scholars agree that medieval practices coexisted with the new learning for a long time. If medieval ars dictaminis did eventually "die", it generally did not do so in the way implied by the title of the original conference session: hence I have adapted the title of Johann Huizinga's famous book in order to describe more accurately the picture that emerges from the papers published here. In attempting to trace and explain the...

L’espace français occupe une place originale dans l’histoire de l’ars dictaminis médiéval. Postérieure dans son essor d’un bon demi-siècle au foyer bolonais, l’école française a eu un rôle décisif dans l’orientation donnée à cet ars, A la charniére des XIIe et XIIIe siécles, vers des finalités praticiennes—un apprentissage de la rédaction des documents de nature diplomatique. Ce trait, spécialement affirmé dans des foyers comme Tours, Orléans, Meung-sur-Loire, tend à s’estomper dans la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, tandis que s’amorce ce que l’on peut considérer comme une phase de déclin. S’il est difficile, pour des raisons documentaires, de prendre la mesure exacte de ce dernier et de recenser efficacement les lieux d’enseignement ou de pratique du dictamen encore productifs dans la moitié nord de la France au Moyen Age tardif, il convient cependant de nuancer quelque peu cette notion de déclin, en soulignant la vitalité relative encore à cette époque du foyer parisien, ranimé en quelque sorte, à la fin du XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle, par la venue de quelques grands maitres italiens itinerants dont Laurent d’Aquilée est le plus célèbre, mais non le seul. Il reste plus difficile de s’interroger, lorsque déclin il y a effectivement, sur la place des raisons liées à l’évolution générale: de la société et des études intellectuelles et sur celles spécifiques, comme peut-étre à Orléans, à l’évolution de la discipline elle-même.

Recent histories of early American rhetoric have not contextualized the rhetorics studied sufficiently, resulting particularly in an ahistorical portrait of Timothy Dwight as a “civic rhetor”. This essay situates Dwight’s rhetorical theory in the political, social, and economic environment of early America. Particularly, it argues that Dwight’s ideas about rhetoric, morality, politics, and theology were all tied together by his conception of “taste”, and in his career as a public minister, as a teacher at Yale, and as an active political figure in eighteenth-century Connecticut, Dwight pushed an ideology of taste that supported early American Federalism.

Subject to neglect and at times harsh criticism, the eighteenth-century British elocutionary movement merits reconsideration as a complex rhetorical episode within the history of rhetoric. Confirming the value of the rhetorical analysis of rhetorical texts, this essay examines the forms and functions of persuasion which two key treatises from the elocutionary movement enacted within their own socio-historical context. A rhetorical reading of Thomas Sheridan's A Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) and John Walker's Elements of Elocution (1781)—informed by theories of ethos, logos, and pathos—illustrates the nuances of the different cases made for the scholarly and educational credibility of elocution as a new field of study within the context of late eighteenth-century British culture: Walker's text, while profiting from Sheridan's earlier promotional campaign for the value of elocutionary study, attempts to redress the excesses of his forerunner's "florid harangue[s]" and to fill in the gaps of his incomplete instructional method.

128 RHETORICA not place Isocrates neatly in his category of epideictic. Again, Walker's sub­ tle argument that the Ciceronian ideal eloquence draws on the "epideictic registers" (p. 83) ignores many of Cicero's own quite dismissive remarks concerning epideictic or demonstrative oratory Others may have reservations similar to these concerning Walker's reconstruction of the enthymeme, but will find it difficult not to admire his patience in testing the concept in his readings of the archaic poets. And these observations do not diminish the value of this very ambitious and challenging book. Walker's revitalization of "epideictic" should provoke greater scrutiny of the ancient understandings of that category. His blurring the traditional boundaries separating rhetoric from poetics is both innovative and cogent. The "rhetorical poetics" he proposes will no doubt be profitably applied in the study of lyric forms from many cultures subsequent to that of archaic Greece. Richard Graff University ofMinnesota Martin Camargo ed., Medieval Rhetorics of Prose Composition: Five English "Artes Dictandi" and their Tradition, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies 115, (Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1995), xiv + 257 pp. In studying the history of letter-writing in the medieval culture of Eng­ land, Martin Camargo has made a pioneering achievement, the first critical editions of five treatises on epistolary composition by writers in England. Al­ though four of these works can be identified as belonging to the Late Middle Ages, they nevertheless represent a significant part of England's contribution to epistolography. Camargo's introduction, a meticulously written summary of the history of letter-writing in England from the late twelfth century to the mid-fifteenth, is a model of craftsmanship and painstaking research. Descriptions of the manuscript copies, the text, the author, and the struc­ ture and contents of the work in outline form, where appropriate, precede each text. Massive compilations of variant readings comprising the apparatus criticus and large collections of references to sources and analogues along with comments related to meaning, syntax, and vocabulary follow each text. Rearranged as footnotes throughout each edited text, the variant readings and notes would have precluded an arduous task for the reader who must constantly be turning pages. The carefully edited texts presented in chronological sequence begin with Libellus de arte dictandi rhetorice by Peter of Blois, the earliest treatise on letter-writing produced in England and found only in Cambridge University Library MS. Dd 9 38. This study should contain the last reference to the Reviews 129 uncertainty of Peter's authorship, as it has recently been shown that Peter of Blois was the author of this work. An edition of the prologue in Migne, PL. 207, cols. 1127-1128 is not mentioned. The second text is Compilacio de arte dictandi by John of Briggis, probably written in the late fourteenth century at Oxford, which survives in one copy in Bodleian Library MS. Douce 52. The next text is Formula moderni et usitati dictaminis, written c. 1390 by Thomas Marke, of which the most preferred copy is in Lincoln Cathedral Library MS. 237. Although a copy found in Newberry Library MS. 55 is described, Paul Saenger's A Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Western Manuscript Books ...(Chicago and London, 1989) pp. 96-97 is not cited. The fourth text is Modus dictandiby Thomas Sampson, who taught at Oxford in the second half of the fourteenth century. One complete copy is found in British Library MS. Royal 17 B XLVII. An omitted study is J. I. Catto and T. A. R. Evans, The History ofthe University of Oxford, II, pp. 524-526. The final text is the anonymous Regina sedens Rhetorica, found in three manuscripts, the fullest text of which is in British Library MS. Royal 10 B IX. By way of suggestion and not criticism, a more complete survey of the history of letter-writing in England should include Gervase, Abbot of Premontre, Robert Elenryson, Thomas Hoccleve, Richard Emsay, Ralph of Fresburn, John Wethamstede, John of Latro, Richard Kendale, Joseph Meddus, John Mason, and references to anonymous treatises as found, for example, in Manchester, Chetham's Library MS. Mun. A 3 130 and Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. lat. misc. f 49. This study...

130 RHETORICA tion. Fascicule I incorrectly refers to Peter of Blois's dictaminal treatise as an abridgement of work by Bernard of Meting (p. xxxv). An appendix contains the edition of an allegorical letter from Simon O.'s Summa dictandi which concerns the authorship of Regina sedens Rhetorica . A useful Glossary of Medieval Words and Unusual Spellings with ref­ erences to standard Medieval Latin dictionaries is followed by a list of cited manuscripts, editions of primary texts, cited secondary sources, and a full and accurate index. A copy of this book should be found in the library of every student of the ars dictaminis. Emil J. Polak Queensborough Community College, The City University ofNew York Kathleen Welch, Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1999) xvii + 255 pp. The dust jacket of Electric Rhetoric sports a blurb from Andrea Lunsford which praises an author who "re-theorizes (and re-races, re-genders, and re­ performs) pre-Aristotelian rhetoric and then uses it to explore posthumanist literacy and rhetoric in a range of electronic spaces. In its insistent rejection of what Welch calls the 'worst' of Enlightenment, Modernist, and Postmod­ ernist values—and in its bold program for change—this book is going to make a lot of people nervous. A must read!" I open with Lunsford's remarks because they are as illuminating for what they say as for what they do not say. Welch's book is not a "program" but a polemic for change which, by the author's own avowal, seeks to "redirect inquiry" and raise more questions than it answers (p. 9). Welch does so handily in six chapters housed in two parts, "Classical Greek Literacy and the Spoken Word" and "Logos Perform­ ers, Screen Sophism, and the Rhetorical Turn", followed by an "Appendix: Excerpt from the Origin Myth ofAcoma and Other Records". In Chapter 1, "Introduction: Screen Literacy in Rhetoric and Composi­ tion Studies", she opens with the captivating image of the television screen which, for better or for worse, is ubiquitous in "locations of power as well as of powerlessness". In addition to contrasting it effectively with the com­ puter screen which "mostly appears in locations of power" (p. 4), Professor Welch vows to rouse humanities scholars from what she condemns through­ out as their utter refusal to acknowledge and rethink the massive cultural changes which attend the universal sign system of video. Of no surprise to those familiar with her prior excellent contributions to the history and theory of rhetoric and composition, she believes that that mission can best be accomplished by returning to (and revamping considerably) Isocratic rhetoric. Simply put, Electric Rhetoric proposes a holistic approach to three fundamental principles: (1) that literacy conditions "how people articulate Reviews 131 within and around their ideas, their cultures, and themselves, including their subject positions"; (2) that "any current definition of literacy must account for changes in consciousness or mentalité"; and (3) that literacy "depends on social constructions (including [sic] gender and racial constructions) that give value to some writing and speaking activities and that devalue others" (pp. 7-8). Chapter 2, "An Isocratic Literacy Theory: An Alternative Rhetoric of Oral/Aural Articulation", provides the forum for Welch's endeavor to re­ cover Isocrates. Praising his recognition of the dependence between articu­ lation and thought and his emphasis on aptitude vs. native ability (p. 51), she simultaneously vilifies his rhetoric, which "reveals for us strikingly one of the hideous aspects of classical rhetoric: it appears to erase women or to victimize us. This erasure works hand in hand with Isocrates's agenda of imperialism, an intolerance, a dehumanizing of Others, for which he must be held accountable" (p. 49). Our job, then, as readers of Electric Rhetoric, is to hold the past accountable. The main thrust of Chapter 3, "Disciplining Isocrates", is to dismantle "the Great Man theory of history writing, with some token women thrown in the same underlying theoretical structure" (pp. 82-83). It contains some fascinating readings of the Antidosis, notably the dancing bear episode and its link to learning ability. What is not clear, however, is why "Isocrates's biggest problem lies in his and...

Reviews Jeffrey Walker, Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), xii + 396 pp. In this lengthy, densely argued volume, Jeffrey Walker engages two particularly contentious issues in the history of rhetoric, offering a novel reconstruction of rhetoric's origins and a revised account of the relation­ ship between rhetoric and poetics in Classical Greece and Rome. This dual focus is reflected in the organization of the study. Parts I and II (ch. 1-4) concentrate primarily on a reading of the rhetorical tradition originating in pre-Aristotelian sources and extending to the "second sophistic" of im­ perial Rome. In Parts III and IV (ch. 5-11), Walker uncovers the rhetorical dimensions of archaic Greek poetry and then traces the tension between grammatical and rhetorical elements in the major (and several minor) Greek and Latin poetic theories. In the first two chapters, Walker advances three claims that are defended at length in the remainder of the book: (1) that the distinction between rhetoric and poetics featured in the standard histories is illusory and has resulted in distorted characterizations of both arts; (2) that the fundamental or "primary" manifestation of rhetorical art is not deliberative or forensic oratory, but rather the various verse and prose forms of epideictic discourse; (3) that accounts of rhetoric's periodic decline in the face of restricted op­ portunities for "practical", political oratory neglect the vital socio-political significance assumed by epideictic eloquence in nearly all periods. Cen­ tral to Walker's argument, then, is an expanded conception of "epideictic". Developing an insight of Chaim Perelman, Walker rejects the traditional characterization of epideictic as a decorative genre, simple entertainment or "mere display", and attributes to it broad suasive and ideological functions: epideictic, for Walker, is "that which shapes and cultivates the basic codes of value and belief by which a society or culture lives" (p. 9). Thus conceived, the epideictic category cuts across the prose-poetry divide, as Walker would include much poetry—including archaic lyric poetry—within it. This enlarged conception of epideictic enables Walker to locate the ori­ gins of rhetoric in discourse practices that predate by centuries the theoretical conceptualization of the art of persuasive oratorical speech (this is the thrust of ch. 2). In this respect, Walker's study represents a healthy alternative to the recent work of scholars such as Thomas Cole and Edward Schiappa which identifies the "birth" of rhetoric with the fourth-century advent of a prop­ erly technical and theoretical vocabulary or "metalanguage". If Walker's 125 126 RHETORICA redescription of epideictic gives grounds for rejecting the narrow concep­ tion of rhetoric offered by Cole and Schiappa, it also confounds the wellknown distinction between "primary" and "secondary" rhetoric. In George Kennedy's formulation, primary rhetoric is associated with practical oratory, with speeches delivered orally in deliberative and forensic settings. This for­ mulation encourages epideictic's treatment as secondary, textual, literary and aesthetic. Walker reverses this narrative and the impoverished notion of epideictic it inscribes: "the epideiktikon is the rhetoric of belief and desire; the pragmatikon [dikanic and demegoric genres] the rhetoric of practical civic business...that necessarily depends on and appeals to the beliefs/desires that epideictic cultivates" (p. 10). Viewed in this frame, epideictic becomes "the 'primary' or central form of rhetoric" while deliberative and forensic speeches are derivative, applied forms of a more general logon techne (p. 41). In Part II (ch. 3-4), Walker considers the fortunes of rhetoric in the Hel­ lenistic and Roman imperial periods. Opposing the traditional characteriza­ tion of these periods as marking rhetoric's decadence and decline, Walker offers a more complicated narrative of a competition between two relatively distinct rhetorical traditions. The first version is that founded by the early sophists and given fullest expression in Isocrates' logdn paidea; it stresses the broad, culture-shaping function of poetic-epideictic eloquence. This tradi­ tion, Walker contends, is preserved in the fragments of Theophrastus and in later authors as diverse as Demetrius, Hermagoras, Dionysius, and Cicero (in De oratore). The second version of rhetoric is more narrow and technical, and by the late Hellenistic period focused almost exclusively on the practice of judicial oratory. This is...

In writing The Anatomy of Melancholy Robert Burton was working within the system of classical rhetoric as revived in the Renaissance, specifically the epideictic genus. A juxtaposition of the topics, arguments, and tripartite form employed by Burton with the treatment of epideictic in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, as well as with aspects of the Roman and Hellenistic rhetorical traditions, shows how Burton has playfully adapted Renaissance conceptions of epideictic rhetoric for encyclopaedic, satirical, and self-expressive purposes. The function of rhetoric in the Anatomy is both to ‘dissect’ the corpus of knowledge about melancholy and to ‘show forth’ the author’s own melancholic condition.

Review Article| November 01 2000 La métaphore entre philosophie et rhétorique Nanine Charbonnel,Georges Kleiber, edd., La métaphore entre philosophie et rhétorique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999), 245 pp. Silvana Borutti Silvana Borutti Università degli studi di Pavia, Dipartimento di filosofia, Palazzo S. Felice, Piazza Botta 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 464–466. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.464 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Silvana Borutti; La métaphore entre philosophie et rhétorique. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 464–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.464 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review Article| November 01 2000 Vers I'invention de la rhétorique. Une perspective ethnologique sur la communication en Grèce ancienne Luc de Meyer,Vers I'invention de la rhétorique. Une perspective ethnologique sur la communication en Grèce ancienne (Louvain-la-Neuve : Peeters, 1997, Bibliothèque des cahiers de l'institut de linguistique de Louvain 91), 314 pp. Marie-Pierre Noël Marie-Pierre Noël Université de Paris-Sorbonne, UFR de Grec, 16 rue de la Sorbonne, 75005 Paris, France. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 457–459. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.457 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Marie-Pierre Noël; Vers I'invention de la rhétorique. Une perspective ethnologique sur la communication en Grèce ancienne. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 457–459. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.457 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| November 01 2000 L'Influence de la Seconde Sophistique sur la Laudatio Florentinae urbis de Leonardo Bruni Laurence Bernard-Pradelle Laurence Bernard-Pradelle 8 bis, rue François Chénieux, 87000 Limoges, France. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 355–387. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.355 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Laurence Bernard-Pradelle; L'Influence de la Seconde Sophistique sur la Laudatio Florentinae urbis de Leonardo Bruni. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 355–387. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.355 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review Article| November 01 2000 Triviale Künste. Die humanistische Reform der grammatischen, dialektischen und rhetorischen Ausbildung an der Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert Volkhar Wels,Triviale Künste. Die humanistische Reform der grammatischen, dialektischen und rhetorischen Ausbildung an der Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Weidler Buchverlag, 2000) Studium Litterarum. Studien und Texte zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, Bd. 1,332 pp. Kees Meerhoff Kees Meerhoff University of Amsterdam, P. C. Hoofthuis, Spuistraat 134, 1012 Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 459–461. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.459 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kees Meerhoff; Triviale Künste. Die humanistische Reform der grammatischen, dialektischen und rhetorischen Ausbildung an der Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 459–461. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.459 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review Article| November 01 2000 Les Cérémonies de la parole: Léloquence d'apparat en France dans le demier quart du XVII siècle Pierre Zoberman, Les Cérémonies de la parole: Léloquence d'apparat en France dans le dernier quart du XVII siècle (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998), pp. 713. Andrea Gareffi Andrea Gareffi Université de Strasbourg II, UFR Lettres, Le Portique, 14 rue Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 461–463. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.461 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Andrea Gareffi; Les Cérémonies de la parole: Léloquence d'apparat en France dans le demier quart du XVII siècle. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 461–463. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.461 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review Article| November 01 2000 L'art de s'exprimer en toutes circonstances. Les secrets dévoilés des orateurs Gilbert Collard,L'art de s'exprimer en toutes circonstances. Les secrets dévoilés des orateurs (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1999), 204 pp. Laurent Pernot Laurent Pernot Université de Strasbourg II, UFR Lettres, Le Portique, 14 rue Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (4): 467–472. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.467 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Laurent Pernot; L'art de s'exprimer en toutes circonstances. Les secrets dévoilés des orateurs. Rhetorica 1 November 2000; 18 (4): 467–472. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.4.467 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Reviews Luc de Meyer, Vers l'invention de la rhétorique. Une perspective ethno­ logique sur la communication en Grèce ancienne (Louvain-la-Neuve : Peeters, 1997, Bibliothèque des cahiers de l'institut de linguistique de Louvain 91), 314 pp. Comme le suggère son titre, cette étude, qui constitue la première partie d'une thèse de Doctorat en communication soutenue à l’Université de Louvain en 1993, invite à considérer la question des débuts de la rhétorique grecque sous l'angle nouveau de l'analyse "ethno-logique". Dans une première partie ("D'un récit à l'autre"), l'auteur dresse un tableau schématique, à partir des interprétations proposées aux XIXe et XXe siècles, de ce qu’il nomme "les récits et préjugés hérités" concernant les débuts de la rhétorique, à savoir "le grand récit sur l'origine de la raison" (les sophistes et Platon) et "le grand récit des origines de la démocratie". Il expose les critiques récentes que ces récits ont suscitées, puis conclut à la nécessité d'une approche anthropologique de la question, revendiquant pour maîtres W. Jaeger, H.-I. Marrou, E. R. Dodds, M. I. Finley, J.-P. Vemant, P. Vidal-Naquet, M. Detienne, J. Svenbro. Cette "ethnologie de la communication", ou "anthropologie communicationnelle", "n'a pas pour but premier de décrire une genèse précise, sur le plan chronologique, de la parole en Grèce" (p. 69), mais "de dresser des modèles généraux des types de communication sociale qui, par leurs tensions, ont sous-tendu l'émergence de la rhétorique technique". Dans la deuxième partie de l'ouvrage, L. de Meyer part de la distinction tracée par J.-M. Ferry (Les puissances de l'expérience. Essai sur l'identité contemporaine, I: Le sujet et le verbe (Paris, 1991)) entre quatre modes de discursivité, auxquels correspondent des modes spécifiques d'identité culturelle : le mode narratif ; le mode interprétatif ; le mode argumentatif ; le mode reconstructif. Sur cette base, il étudie d'abord la "rhétorique naturelle", qui voit 457 458 RHETORICA l'émergence, à partir d'une identité narrative dans le premier espace-temps grec—celui de l'oralité et des ethnê—, d une identité interprétative qui apparaît dans les paroles-actions des héros homériques, dans la parole-mémoire de l'aède et dans l'affirmation progressive du rôle de l'écriture. Puis vient une identité argumentative, marquée par l'émergence, dans la cité, d'un nouvel espace social de la communication. Quel est alors le rapport entre cette nouvelle identité et la rhétorique technique proprement dite ? Dans une dernière partie, consacrée à "L'invention de la rhétorique technique", l'auteur présente ce qu'il nomme les différents versions traditionnelles du récit de l'invention de la rhétorique, celles d'O. Navarre et de G. A. Kennedy, et les versions nouvelles, celles d'E. Schiappa et de T. Cole. Suivant les analyses de ces derniers auteurs (notamment celles de T. Cole, à qui est empruntée la distinction pré-rhétorique / proto-rhétorique / rhétorique, reprise sous des formes diverses tout au long du présent ouvrage), L de Meyer conclut que la rhétorique technique s'est élaborée, au terme du processus décrit ici, par l'approfondissement de l'identité interprétative dans le discours des philosophes du rve siècle avant J.-C., et non pas, comme on le croit souvent, par opposition à la philosophie. L'appréciation que l'on peut porter sur cette étude varie selon la fin qu'on lui assigne: Les antiquisants qui chercheraient ici une étude nouvelle sur les débuts de la rhétorique seront sans doute, à plus d'un titre, déçus. Nous passerons sur les nombreuses imprécisions (pourquoi, par exemple, citer de façon abrégée l'œuvre de Jaeger, Paideia, avec la date d'une des éditions de sa traduction française, 1988, et non celle de sa parution en allemand? de même pour H...

Reviews 467 Gilbert Collard, L'art de s'exprimer en toutes circonstances. Les secrets dévoilés des orateurs (Paris: Presses de la Renaissance, 1999), 204 pp. Maître Gilbert Collard, du barreau de Marseille, est un des plus grands avocats français, bien connu du public pour sa participation à des causes célèbres impliquant des personnalités du monde politique, artistique ou sportif. Auteur déjà de nombreux ouvrages, il publie ici un livre qui se définit comme "recueil de vingt-six ans de pratique oratoire" et somme de conseils, tant pour les futurs avocats que pour d'autres utilisateurs qui auront à s'exprimer en public. Or, sur la couverture de ce livre, l'auteur a tenu à faire figurer sa qualité de membre de l'International Society for the History of Rhetoric: démarche intéressante pour les lecteurs de Rhetorica. La première partie de l'ouvrage consiste dans un bref historique, qui commence par les œuvres d'Homère, qualifiées à juste titre de "poésie oratoire". G. Collard note que la rhétorique doit beaucoup aux sophistes, qui "méritaient mieux que la mauvaise réputation que Socrate leur fit". Se référant aux travaux de Marc Fumaroli, qui l'ont inspiré, il cite Aristote, Cicéron, Quintilien, et souligne l’importance de la tradition et des enseignements quelle dispense pour qui veut apprendre à parler aujourd'hui. La deuxième partie prolonge ce plaidoyer en faveur de la parole, en montrant, avec des raisonnements efficaces, comment l'art de parler a partie liée avec la formation de l'intelligence et du sens critique, avec la démocratie, avec l'humanité. L'auteur pose le problème moral de la rhétorique (comment distinguer persuasion et manipulation), présente les notions d'éthos et de pathos, puis énumère un certain nombre de défauts à éviter. Chemin faisant, des anecdotes illustrent l'actualité toujours renouvelée des problématiques rhétoriques, et l'avocat livre le fruit de ses expériences. Par exemple, Maître Collard estime que "ïe meilleur discours du monde ne devrait jamais dépasser une heure, l'idéal 468 RHETORICA étant le discours de quarante minutes" -au-delà, l'endormissement guette... La troisième partie brosse un panorama des principales notions techniques : les figures (notamment l'hyperbole, définie comme "la Marseillaise du répertoire"), les procédés d'argumentation (ici l'auteur s'appuie sur les travaux de Chaim Perelman), les principaux types de plan. Des conseils d'entraînement pratique sont donnés, et le livre se termine, dans une quatrième partie, par des analyses de discours fameux prononcés par des hommes politiques et des avocats, depuis Mirabeau jusqu'à Henri René Garaud. Comme l'auteur l'indique lui-même, son but n'est pas universitaire. Il n'entend pas proposer une recherche savante sur l'histoire de la rhétorique, mais offrir le témoignage d’un grand praticien de la parole. Le livre de G. Collard témoigne de l’intérêt de l'auteur pour la rhétorique et pour l'histoire de celle-ci, vue comme une source d'inspiration pour le présent. Il manifeste une approche du sujet, qui, sans être érudite, est profonde, parce qu'elle s'étend à l'histoire, à la morale, à la littérature. G. Collard est un orateur qui pense que la pratique oratoire doit être fondée sur le travail, la méthode, la culture, qui a des exordes prêts d'avance (comme Démosthène!), qui lit Montaigne et les poètes et qui veut réhabiliter la rhétorique dans des milieux (il y en a) où elle n'a pas bonne presse. Son témoignage est important. Laurent Pernot Université de Strasbourg II ...

This article reviews studies on Ramus amd Ramism published between 1987 and 2000 under the headings: Biographical and General Studies, Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Scientific, and Ramism, this latter subdivided by geographical areas. It finds that the study of Ramus is in a very healthy state, particularly through international collaboration, though there are still considerable problems for scholars in securing access to the different versions of his works. Ramus is now presented primarily as a teacher and educationalist. The debate about Ramus's "humanism" has produced new work on his classical commentaries. Attempts have been made to achieve better definitions of Ramism.

International audience

Reviews 459 Hésiode se trouvent souvent éclipsés par J.-P. Vemant et J. Svenbro, qui en viennent à constituer alors, bien malgré eux, une sorte de vulgate critique nommée de façon très caricaturale "la critique contemporaine". Toutefois, si l'on donne à cette étude un enjeu plus actuel, suggéré par l’auteur lui-même, lequel prétend rendre une profondeur historique aux sciences de la communication et ainsi leur permettre d’assurer leur propre identité (p. 22), on lui reconnaîtra le mérite de constituer les débuts de la rhétorique grecque comme objet d’investigation moderne et non pas, comme c’est en général le cas dans les travaux de néorhétorique ou de néosophistique consacrés à cette question, comme simple instrument d’une théorie moderne de la communication. Dès lors, antiquisants et spécialistes de communication pourront tirer profit de cette perspective "ethno-logique", qui leur fournit de très stimulants sujets de collaboration. Marie-Pierre Noël Université de Paris-Sorbonne Volkhar Wels, Triviale Künste. Die humanistische Reform der grammatischen, dialektischen und rhetorischen Ausbildung an der Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Weidler Buchverlag, 2000) Studium Litterarum. Studien und Texte zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, Bd. 1, 332 pp. Une couverture un peu terne, une mise en page correcte, mais peu appétissante 03 et un contenu clair, concis, remarquablement complet. La synthèse offerte par Volkhard Wels offre non seulement un exposé très bien articulé de la réforme spectaculaire du trivium aux XVe et XVIe siècles, mais aussi une abondante bibliographie recensant les études les plus récentes sur une matière souvent difficile. Une bonne nouvelle, en somme, pour les chercheurs chevronnés comme pour les étudiants. Le livre de Wels inaugure une nouvelle collection, destinée tout d’abord au public allemand. Axé sur la réforme pédagogique 460 RHETORICA en Allemagne au XVIe siècle, il prend partout en considération le contexte international. L'auteur a fait une sélection parfaitement justifiée dans la masse des textes qui s'offrent au chercheur qui aborde l'humanisme. Traitant en particulier de Valla, d'Agricola, d'Érasme, de Vivès, il offre des citations toujours choisies en fonction de son propos général, qui est de montrer la nouvelle articulation des artes sermocinales effectuée à cette époque, réponse pédagogique à une nouvelle conception du langage. Le noyau de l'ouvrage est constitué par l'oeuvre du Praeceptor Germaniae, Philippe Melanchthon, ami et allié de Martin Luther. Sans négliger les premières versions des oeuvres rhétoriques et logiques du dernier, l'auteur fonde ses analyses en priorité sur les Elementa rhetorices (1531) et les Erotemata dialectices (1547). Consacrant la partie finale de son ouvrage à l'application pratique des préceptes, l'auteur se montre réceptif à l'essence du message humaniste, selon lequel la théorie n'a de valeur que dans la mesure où elle mène à l'analyse et à la composition du discours. La conception humaniste du langage s'est développée à travers la contestation de la pédagogie "scolastique". Voüà pourquoi l'ouvrage de Wels s'amorce avec le célèbre échange épistolaire entre Hermolao Barbaro et Pic de la Mirándole, repris à nouveaux frais par un élève de Melanchthon, Franz Burchard. Ce débat fondamental sert de leitmotiv à l'auteur, qui l'exploite habilement comme élément structurant de son étude. La lettre de Burchard revient ainsi pour assurer une articulation souple entre l'examen de la grammaire et celui de la dialectique humanistes, et encore vers la fin, où est cité un beau passage dans lequel Burchard illustre l'utilité et le pouvoir de l'éloquence en la rapprochant de la peinture (CR, IX, 692). La construction limpide de l'ouvrage moderne réfléchit de la sorte l'enseignement rhétorique de son protagoniste: on sait quelle importance Melanchthon accordait à la clarté de l'exposé et à la structuration transparente des textes. Le passage où sont comparées éloquence et peinture se trouve dans un chapitre récapitulatif, intitulé Die Okonomie des Triviums. Wels y montre qu...

Reviews 461 latin humaniste sont non seulement les cibles didactiques d'un enseignement renouvelé, mais aussi des critères qui mettent en cause le rationalisme scolastique, où l’expression langagière avait été sacrifiée à l’abstraction logique. Empruntant à Rodolphe Agrícola le titre de la dernière partie de son ouvrage, De usu et exercitatione, l’auteur présente plusieurs échantillons d’analyse et de composition textuelles. Le même Agrícola offre le premier exemple, avec son commentaire du discours cicéronien Pro lege Manilia. Le second exemple est fourni par Érasme, le troisième par Melanchthon (Nux d’Ovide, Bucoliques de Virgile). Cette partie s'achève, comme de juste, avec l'analyse de quelques compositions dramatiques, où la parabole de l’enfant prodigue est mise en scène par trois auteurs différents. Dans cette finale, Wels lui-même s'empare de l'instrument analytique conçu par les maîtres humanistes: il réduit chaque pièce à un syllogisme sous-jacent ayant à chaque fois une majeure, et par conséquent aussi une conclusion différentes, en fonction du «message» que l'auteur veut faire passer: de tendance protestante (Waldis, 1527), catholique (Salat, 1537) ou simplement «moralisatrice» (Gnapheus, 1529). À n'en pas douter, Melanchthon aurait été très fier d'un élève tel que Volkhard Wels. Kees Meerhoff Huizinga Instituut, Universiteit van Amsterdam Pierre Zoberman, Les Cérémonies de la parole: L'éloquence d'apparat en France dans le dernier quart du XVII siècle (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998), pp. 713. Nell'etá del Re Sole, il discorso pubblico e profano che risuona nelle istituzioni si trova stretto tra due spigoli: il ritualismo cerimoniale, che impone modi e misure, e l'ombra del congegno letterario, che ha pure suoi modi e misure. In altri termini, il discorso pubblico oscilla tra due registri: quello che il potere impone e quello che impone il potere; owerossia il registro cerimoniale, che giá esiste di per sé e che modella sui propri intenti 462 RHETORICA il discorso, e il registro che il discorso appronta nella sua discrezionalità per modellare su di sé le intenzioni deU'uditorio. Dove il di più di potere, tutto interno, tende a confondersi con il di meno di potere, tutto estemo. Il discorso pubblico sta insomma a metà tra il Re e le sue emanazioni. Chi ne fa le spese è la retorica classica. L’esercizio letterario, che fonda le sue leggi nella tradizione scritta, urta qui contro l’osservanza di usi più ristretti, imposti da una prassi consolidata. Genere letterario e uso cerimoniale ancor più si scontrano tra loro nella costumanza di un discorso che è pronuncíate oralmente, ma che non ha nulla né deU'improwisazione, né délia passione. Passione a freddo, locuzioni obbligate, scrupolo gerarchico, fanno quadrato intomo aU'individualità dello stile. Che si deve per forza assottigliare, se non sparire. L'esaltazione del potere centrale da parte di quello periférico costringe nei lacci di un turgore che si massimalizza fino ad appiattirsi nella ripetitività di un comune tono altamente solenne. Le cerimonie délia parola appartengono dunque piuttosto all'esercizio di oppressione e di rimozione délia soggettività, cosi proprie délia società d'antico regime, che non invece all'espressione infuocata o al brivido dell'ispirata allocuzione. E' forse anche per questo che solo lo scatto rivoluzionario potrà disincagliare il discorso da un andamento votato alla tautológica riproduzione dei suoi crismi. La ricerca e la ridisposizione delle fonti più la ricostruzione dei diversi ambiti son già molto di questo lavoro; ma è la sorprendente finezza critica di Pierre Zoberman quella che gli dà il tratto distintivo. Una eleganza interpretativa che non sorprende pero chi ne conosca i precedenti scritti, primo tra tutti quello sui panegirici del Re pronunciati all'Accademia francese. Distinguere e valutare nel gran cumulo di elementi non era questa volta per rúente facile; trame esiti anche metodológicamente raffinati, quasi impossibile: proprio perché "les classifications de la rhétorique traditionnelle ne fournissent pas les catégories pertinentes d'une éloquence d'apparat" (p. 19). Zoberman deve quindi risalire alla forma dei rituali istituzionali e al loro conteste, al fine di poter cosí comprendere la...

464 RHETORICA Nanine Charbonnel, Georges Kleiber, edd., La métaphore entre philosophie et rhétorique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999), 245 pp. Dès les années 1960, linguistes, philosophes, anthropologues et historiens ont rencontré et expérimenté l'importance et les ressources de la métaphore ; mais ils l'ont fait en général sans se fréquenter les uns les autres, voire en se méfiant de la façon dont les autres spécialistes traitaient la même figure. Nanine Charbonnel et George Kleiber essaient dans ce volume de faire le point à la fois sur les différents regards possibles sur cette ressource de la signification, et sur l'émergence possible d'une zone stable de "données métaphoriques", au delà de l'hétérogénéité des méthodes. A cette fin, ils donnent la parole à un éventail très riche de spécialistes sensibles aux "transferts" (metaphorai) et aux échanges que la métaphore autorise. Michel Deguy explore le "poétique" de toute pensée, à savoir, l'appartenance de la métaphore à la dimension profonde de la pensée en tant que re-présentation. C'est ce que Heidegger a montré en relisant le schématisme chez Kant: il n'y a pas de connaissance sans présentation figurative, sans imagination (Einbildungskraft) articulant la pensée sur l'être. La métaphore est comme le lieu (l'extase, la spatialisation) de la pensée, et de l'"épochalité" de la pensée. Ainsi, suggère Deguy, pouvons-nous retrouver les figures de Yethos post-moderne: la comparaison et l'être-comme, contre l'identité et l'assimilation; l'hypotypose, donnant visage à ce qui vient; le paradoxe, donnant voix au caractère multilatéral de la vérité; l'allégorie, parce que le dire est toujours "autrement dire". Nanine Charbonnel offre une sémantique de la métaphore à l'usage des philosophes. Elle envisage elle aussi la métaphore comme phénomène de la pensée, mais indique des traits spécifiques qui font la différence entre métaphore et concept: la métaphore est discours rationnel, bien que non logique; la métaphore rapproche l'hétérogène, en découvrant des ressemblances extragénériques; les éléments métaphoriques appartiennent à des régimes sémantiques différents (expressif, cogmtif, praxéologique). Charbonnel invite à repenser la Reviews 465 ressemblance métaphorique ("faire comme si cela se ressemblait sur fond d'hétérogénéité radicale"), en la soustrayant à l'univocité du conceptuel, unissant des homogènes. Patrick Tort soutient la co-appartenance primaire entre métaphore et métonymie, à l'origine des actes de pensée classificatoires. L'objectif polémique est la conception structuraliste de l'opposition binaire entre les deux opérations, comme l'avait avancée Jakobson; la démarche argumentative s'appuie sur les aspect concrets et processuels des classifications. L'intervention de George Kleiber concerne d'abord le problème de l'interprétation métaphorique: une explication en termes sémantiques de la signification d'un énoncé métaphorique n'est pas appropriée; par contre, l'interprétation métaphorique relève d'opérations d'inférence pragmatique (un énoncé comparatif n'implique pas dans son sens des traits communs entre deux individus, mais nous apprend à les chercher). Mais d'où vient une métaphore créative qui déclenche une interprétation? Kleiber en explique l'origine en termes de déviation sémantique, en faisant la différence entre les types de déviation sémantique des processus figuratifs: la métaphore ne repose pas simplement sur une incompatibilité ou contradiction sémique, mais sur l'emploi d'une catégorie lexicale pour une occurrence à laquelle normalement elle n'est pas destinée. C'est le critère qui permet de différencier la métaphore de la métonymie et de la synecdoque, et de comprendre que la catégorisation indue déclenche comme résultat direct un calcul interprétatif. Jean-Marie Klinkenberg s'interroge lui aussi sur l'origine de la métaphore, envisagée comme un processus cognitif dans lequel...

This article analyses “Rhetorical Incunabla: A Short-Title Catalogue”, published in Rhetorica 15 (1997) pp. 355–470 by category of publication. It supplements that catalogue with full entries for six additional items.

Review Article| August 01 2000 Short Reviews: The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, by Edward Schiappa, Political Allegory in Late Medieval England, by Anne W. Astell, The Changing Tradition: Women in the History of Rhetoric, by Christine Mason Sutherland and Rebecca Sutcliffe and Rhetorical Figures in Science, by Jeanne Fahnestock Edward Schiappa,The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), x + 230 pp.Anne W. Astell,Political Allegory in Late Medieval England (Ithaca: Comell University Press, 1999), xii + 218 pp.Christine Mason Sutherland and Rebecca Sutcliffe eds. The Changing Tradition: Women in the History of Rhetoric (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1999), vii + 279 pp.Jeanne Fahnestock,Rhetorical Figures in Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xiv + 234 pp. Janet M. Atwill, Janet M. Atwill The University of Tennessee Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Sybil M. Jack, Sybil M. Jack University of Sydney Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Wendy Dasler Johnson, Wendy Dasler Johnson Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jean Dietz Moss Jean Dietz Moss The Catholic University of America Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (3): 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.3.343 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Janet M. Atwill, Sybil M. Jack, Wendy Dasler Johnson, Jean Dietz Moss; Short Reviews: The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, by Edward Schiappa, Political Allegory in Late Medieval England, by Anne W. Astell, The Changing Tradition: Women in the History of Rhetoric, by Christine Mason Sutherland and Rebecca Sutcliffe and Rhetorical Figures in Science, by Jeanne Fahnestock. Rhetorica 1 August 2000; 18 (3): 343–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.3.343 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| August 01 2000 Sans mentir (ou presque): La dissimulation des faits gênants dans la rhétorique de I'éloge, d'après I'exemple des discours royaux de Libanios Plerre-Louis Malosse Plerre-Louis Malosse Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (3): 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.3.243 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Plerre-Louis Malosse; Sans mentir (ou presque): La dissimulation des faits gênants dans la rhétorique de I'éloge, d'après I'exemple des discours royaux de Libanios. Rhetorica 1 August 2000; 18 (3): 243–263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.3.243 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

This article examines the ideological functions of seventeenth-century ceremonial oratory by distinguishing between two related rhetorical strategies: textual image and propaganda, defined as the promotion of a policy. This distinction helps characterize the particular nature of Louis XIV's régime, instead of anachronistically equating it with modern totalitarianism. If pursued in other contexts it can serve to illuminate the mechanisms of personality cult in general. Fashioning an image of the ruler with the help of an institutional apparatus which varies with the régime is a way to create public confidence in his/her ability. A well-established absolutist monarchy should not require propagandistic discourse; yet it was ubiquitous in Louis XIV's global design for government. This suggests a dialectical interpretation. When belief in the monarch's greatness fails to produce blind faith in his/her infallibility, propaganda may take over to bolster persuasion. When counter-propaganda, or facts, become insistently present, image may again appear as an expedient alternative.

Written over a twenty-five year period and presented as a “series of Essays” rather than a single sustained argument, the Philosophy of Rhetoric is characterized by a technical vocabulary that shifts in meaning as the work progresses. This essay focuses on the instability of “resemblance”, which has four distinct meanings in the Philosophy of Rhetoric, some deriving from the long tradition of ut pictura poesis and others from Hume’s epistemology. The analysis of “resemblance” has implications for our understanding of rhetorical vivacity and for the meaning of Book III. Attention to this key term enriches our appreciation for Campbell’s text as an attempt to weave into a single theory the varied threads of the eighteenth-century’s analysis of response to language.

Le discours royal (basilikos logos) est un genre de la rhétorique ancienne qui a connu un grand développement sous l’Empire et dont Libanios fournit un échantillon de cinq exemplaires (éloges des empereurs Constance et Constant, et Julien). Tenus à la louange systématique, les orateurs se heurtaient à la difficulté de traitement que leur posaient les actes peu glorieux ou peu honorables du souverain. Plutôt que de mentir, ils ont eu souvent recours à l’omission. Mais ils pouvaient aussi employer une troisième voie, entre vérité et mensonge, celle du masque rhétorique apposé sur les faits. Cet article s’efforce d’établir une sorte de taxinomie de ces procédés de déguisement à partir des nombreux exemples que nous fournit Libanios. La parenté avec la théorie des états de causes paraît flagrante.

The development of an oratorical literary genre is connected with the work of Antiphon, the first in the canon of ten Attic orators. This paper argues against the modern view that the beginnings of literary oratory date to the 420s B.C. when Antiphon began publishing his speeches. It argues that this view depends on a mistaken conception of literacy in the ancient world and that Antiphon’s speech-writing activities began much earlier. The argument is based on references to Antiphon in contemporary and later sources, the dating of his speeches, the authenticity and dating of the Tetralogies, and Antiphon’s reputation in antiquity as the first logographer.

Reviews 349 different levels of spiritual understanding may be debatable. Given the likelihood that an open text can serve to stimulate reflection on all these levels, too precise an attempt at political closure may be counterproductive. Sybil M. Jack University of Sydney Christine Mason Sutherland and Rebecca Sutcliffe eds, The Changing Tradition: Women in the History of Rhetoric (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1999), vii + 279 pp. This new collection brings back the excitement of the 1997 Saskatchewan conference of the International Society for the History of Rhetoric, where its essays were delivered. There scholars of women's issues from such countries as Canada, France, the Netherlands, Romania, Australia, England, and the U.S. sized up others' perspectives, questioned assumptions, and pushed for clarity, but came away assured of women's place in a field that has notoriously excluded them. Restive fractiousness was not much evident in discussions about women, like the productive dissension arising for instance at the first Rhetorics and Feminisms conference later that summer, when differentials of power, economic means, and race tensions came to the fore. Differences like these are mostly missing, too, from this volume; nevertheless, Mason Sutherland and Sutcliffe's volume encourages and supports an array of scholarship about women that today still lacks ready access to print. Mason Sutherland's own essay opens the collection, a place due it as a plenary address for the gathering of international scholars, and also as "overview of the field" from the editors' stance. "Women in the History of Rhetoric: the Past and the Future" asserts that far from a margin, women have been "a matrix" for rhetoric. "[O]ur part in it has been to feed it, to support it, to enable it", says Mason Sutherland. Referring to all women's work as "maternal" has lately rankled many, but situating it as "anterior" to the rhetorical tradition can strike a resonant note (p. 10). Yet the author worries that a "world view of our own time can come between us and a clear understanding of" past women (p. 350 RHETORICA 27), and she pleads for a complexly ambivalent, but "sympathetic listening to ...voices of the past" such as Mary Astell’s (p. 14). Mason Sutherland presents Astell (1666-1731) as a rationalist and high church monarchist who nevertheless vigorously defended women's education and capacity for public service. The goal of Mason Sutherland's address and of the co-edited collection, then, is "to promote good in our present without doing the past the injustice of misunderstanding and misrepresenting it" (p. 29). The book's sixteen essays (one in both French and English) are arranged as they address ways women were (or are) excluded from, alongside, participating in, emerging into, and engaging the rhetorical tradition, five locations the editors also suggest for future studies of women in rhetoric. The first section, on exclusion, offers C. Jan Swearingen's essay, "Plato's Women: Alternative Embodiments of Rhetoric", which questions the ethics of dismissing such figures as Aspasia and Diotima by claiming that evidence for them is literary and thus suspect. "Directing the announcement selectively at studies of women in antiquity", Swearingen concludes, "is an act of pseudo­ objectivity that should not go unremarked" (p. 44). A wonderfully weird counterpoint is Jody Enders's text, "Cutting Off the Memory of Women", testifying against medieval torture that was designed explicitly to undercut and erase what were codified by the fifteenth-century Malleus Maleficarum as the notoriously unruly memories of women. These essays represent both thoughtful and provocative scholarship, and yet I wonder, looking back at the conference program, why for example Mary Garrett’s "Women and the Chinese Rhetorical Tradition" is not here. The collection focuses, as scholarship about women has, on studies that recover in rhetorical terms the work of particular women: Catherine of Sienna, Hester Ann Rogers, Lady Mary Wroth, Flora MacDonald Denison, and Gertrude Buck to name some honored here. I must confine myself here to a very few essays from this useful volume that even more broadly open up studies about women in rhetoric. One of them, from the "alongside" section, is Helene Cazes's "Verbum inuisiblile palpabitur: The Sibyls in the Second Half of...

346 RHETORICA Kennedy's standards. Still, Schiappa's book will help us continue this important conversation about rhetorical history, epistemology, and disciplinarity—a conversation that his work has been instrumental in fostering. Janet M. Atwill The University ofTennessee Anne W. Astell, Political Allegory in Late Medieval England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), xii + 218 pp. New historicism has encouraged a generation of scholars to abandon the older critical tradition which believed that literary merit gave texts a value to which historical context was irrelevant. Believing that context illuminates aspects of writers' choices and presentations of their subjects, Anne W.Astell seeks to show that some of the best known vernacular writers, principally in Richard IPs reign—Chaucer and Gower, the anonymous author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight—composed specific commentaries on contemporary events which an informed audience would recognise as critical analysis of political behaviour. Perhaps the best way to appreciate her purpose is to start with her conclusions where she summarised what she has attempted to argue. Earlier attempts to read vernacular medieval texts as verbally encoded in accordance with known contemporary rules of encryption, such as acrostics, were rejected by literary critics. Astell seeks to make a flexible interpretation of code words and allusions more acceptable by providing a framework of classical rhetorical rules from Cicero, Augustine and Boethius that were sufficiently well known and clearly used to serve as the scaffolding of their allegorical explanations. Some of the allusions on which she depends are individually weak, for the likeness of the king to the sun and the intercessory role of a queen consort were commonplaces—relevant not only to Richard and Anne's behaviour but to the expected behaviour of kings and queens throughout Europe—appropriated by the writers Reviews 347 only in the sense that they represented received ideas. She strengthens her case by the use of additional references. The counsel offered is traditional but as relevant to Richard as it would be to other monarchs in a society where men who were to him overmighty subjects saw him as little more than Primus inter pares. The extent to which the usual topoi of poems providing a "mirror for princes" is focused on the particular problems of Richard's reign would be assisted by a brief indication of the basic ideological divisions between the disputants and the precision with which the writers reflect these, which seems to vary from writer to writer. The evidence that Gower was already writing from a Lancastrian standpoint in the Confessio Amantis is comparatively straightforward. Ignoring the case for Richard's right to use his prerogative and presenting his supporters as scoundrels and treasonous by drawing a dubious comparison with a classical parallel is a familiar device used by skilled lawyers presenting a partisan case. Astell's interpretation of Chaucer's Monk's and Nun's Priest's tales starts with an argument that Richard sought consciously to emulate Edward the Confessor, and Edward II, whom he sought to have canonised as a martyr, one or both of whom were referred to "in passing" before the Monk goes on to a cautionary tale of the fall of princes, some of whom died as result of their tyranny and some because of their enemies' ambitions. The Confessor's position vis a vis the coronation ceremonies, however, is hardly peculiar to Richard's coronation and its precise relevance to the Pales is not made clear. The tale of Chauntecleer the cock, a fable included in most fabular compilations, can serve various didactic ends. It is here presented as a comedy of Richard's early years in which a man susceptible to flattery and bad advice (Richard) is able to learn from mistakes. The establishment of it as an identifiable account of the peasants' revolt is a difficult trail through other literary uses of animal embodiment. Such comparatively simple allegorical instructions are easier to accept than the complex allegory by which the beheading of the Green Knight is presented as a symbol of the execution of the earl of Arundel and the whole tale as an invitation to Richard to express penitence. To start with, it requires a date after 1397, while...

Short Reviews Edward Schiappa, The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), x + 230 pp. In The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, Edward Schiappa continues his questioning of the disciplinary status of rhetoric in the Classical period. The book is divided into three sections: Reconstructing the Origins of Rhetorical Theory, Gorgias and the Disciplining of Discourse, and Fourth-Century Disciplinary Efforts. In Part I, Schiappa challenges what he characterizes as a 17point , "standard account" of the history of rhetoric—with points ranging from the status of the Corax and Tisias story to the origins and uses of ρητορική. For the most part, George Kennedy is the author of the account Schiappa challenges, and these first chapters interrogate Kennedy's timeline as well as his categories of "traditional," "technical," and "philosophical" rhetorics. This section recapitulates Schiappa's well-known argument that Plato was responsible for coining the term ρητορική —most likely in the early fourth century BCE. By Schiappa's account, this "coining" was "a watershed event in the history of conceptualized Rhetoric in ancient Greece" (p. 23). Specifically, Schiappa maintains that before ρητορική was coined the "verbal arts" were "understood as less differentiated and more holistic in scope", and they did "not draw a sharp line between the goals of seeking success and seeking truth" (p. 23). Part I includes Schiappa's direct response to critics of his ρητορική argument. In Chapter Two, he draws on theorists from Kenneth Burke and Ferdinand de Saussure to Benjamin Lee Whorf and Michel Foucault to defend the significance of the act of naming that Schiappa maintains is embodied in the coining of ρητορική (pp. 23-28). Chapter Four includes a sharp critique of the ideological uses of the term "Sophistic rhetoric", in which Schiappa challenges the "wishful thinking" of those who "over-romanticize the relationship between 'the Sophists' and Athenian democracy" .343 344 RHETORICA (p. 55). He is particularly hard on those whom he accuses of sacrificing historiographical method to ideological theory construction—a practice that he argues leads to the problem of anachronism (p. 61). Part II consists of "three studies". The first study, large portions of which were previously published in Pre/Text, examines Gorgias's style. The second study, "Rereading Gorgias's Helen", picks up more explicitly the disciplinary concerns of Part I, as Schiappa argues that "certain persistent questions about Gorgias's Helen obtain different answers once the speech is repositioned as a predisciplinary text" (p. 115). More specifically, Schiappa maintains that "Gorgias significantly influenced the early theoretical articulation of the discipline of Rhetoric by theorizing about the workings of persuasive discourse" (p. 131). In the last study, Schiappa focuses on Gorgias's "On Not Being", examining the ways in which disciplinary senses of philosophy and rhetoric have influenced interpretations and evaluations of this muchdebated text. Like Part II, Part III consists of "three studies". The first chapter of this section examines early uses of the terms ρητορεία ("oratory") and ρητορεύειν ("to orate"). Schiappa's general argument is that the terms "were not used often or consistently enough" to justify the sense of disciplinarity stability conveyed when they are translated as "rhetoric" (p. 160). The next chapter, "Isocrates's Philosophia", attempts to define Isocrates's sense of the art of discourse, particularly as it contrasts with Plato's concept of "philosophy". This chapter has—somewhat surprisingly—a second function: "to provide a reading of Isocrates that attempts to locate him as one of the first philosophers in Western history to address the concerns that we now identify with Pragmatism" (p. 162). Part III concludes with a chapter co-authored with David Timmerman that addresses the motivations for and implications of the diverse forms of discourse Aristotle classified as "epideictic". Schiappa's arguments have yielded invaluable insights into some of the most recalcitrant debates in the history of rhetoric—in particular, the ancient contest between rhetoric and philosophy. I found that the structure of The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece sometimes obscured rather than foregrounded the significance of these insights. As Schiappa acknowledges in the Reviews 345 Preface, portions of the book have appeared in books and journal articles. The result is sometimes redundant as opposed to...

This short paper will sketch the twilight years of Greek rhetorics, roughly from 1500 until just after the Greek War of Independence. This is an area that, like much else in neo-Greek intellectual history, has been sadly ignored in “Western” scholarship. Greek scholars played an important part in the reception of the works of Hermogenes, Longinus, and pseudo-Demetrius in the mid- and late-sixteenth century. But other Greek teachers and scholars at the College of St. Athanasius in Rome, at the University of Padua, at the Flanginian Academy in Venice, and at schools in Bucharest, Jannina, and Constantinople itself continued to add to those traditions with numerous school texts, homiletic handbooks, and some interesting philosophical treatments of rhetoric. Their names (Korydaleus, Skoufos, Mavrokordates, Damodos, and many others) are unknown to most students of the history of rhetoric—a situation this paper will try in its small way to change.

352 RHETORICA Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Figures in Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xiv + 234 pp. The title of this work well represents the focus of the book, but it fails to convey the breadth of content it contains. Jeanne Fahnestock's book displays a range of erudition not only in the history of science but in the history of rhetoric as well. Unlike other studies that have treated the use of metaphors and analogy in scientific literature, this one reveals the work of some little marked but ubiquitous figures of speech in many classic and modem texts in science. Fahnestock's aim, however, is not just to show the way in which these figures have influenced the turn of scientific thought, or have structured its expression, but she seeks to illuminate the nature of rhetorical figures themselves. The book claims that certain figures are actually condensed lines of argument and that they appear in all kinds of discourse. She selects for close study five figures of particular importance to scientific reasoning: antithesis, gradatio, incrementum, antimetabole, ploche, and poliptoton. These are looked at systematically, with historical accounts and illustrations of each, followed by well-developed examples of their use in a coherent topical, not chronological, order. Throughout the work Fahnestock has also included visual representations that bear witness to the structural figuration behind them. The first chapter of the book alone, "The Figures as Epitomes", should prove invaluable to historians and teachers of rhetoric and literature. Fahnestock first clarifies the confusing categories of tropes, schemes, figures of diction and thought. Next she examines leading theories of figuration: figures are departures from "normal" or "typical" word use; figures ornament or embellish, adding emotion, force, charm. Figures may do all of these things, she says, but essentially they are composites a "formal embodiment of certain ideational or persuasive functions" (p. 23). She defines them as "an identifiable convergence, felicity, or synergy of form and content" (p. 38). As such the most useful approach to the figures is to look at their function. Accordingly, she examines the function of the figures mentioned above to condense or epitomize lines of argument. The key to the figural epitome lies in the topics, Reviews 353 lines of argument best described in Aristotle's Topics and Rhetoric, which he identified as common ways of reasoning. In the second chapter on antithesis, a figure based on the topic of opposites, the author explores a variety of scientific examples, including Bacon's tables of absence and presence and Darwin's examination of emotion in man and animals. The figures of series incrementum and gradatio, described in the third chapter, she explains as products of the dialectical topic of property when considered from the standpoint of the more and the less and similarities. In the scientific illustrations for the chapter, the figures are shown to be constitutive of both thought and expression. The author suggests a continuity between the rhetorical series and mathematical series, illustrating this with Newton's discussion of motion and later theories in astronomy. The subject of chapter four, antimetabole, another figure which epitomizes arguments from property, displays repeated terms in two cola, the second of which reverses the grammatical and syntactic order of the first ("Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"). Although this figure has not been consistently stressed in stylistic discussions over the years, Fahnestock sees it as having given scientists an especially fertile tactic of conceptual reversal. Newton in mechanics, Farraday and Joseph Henry in electromagnetism, Lamarck and Lewontin in theories of evolution, all furnish examples of the figure's usefulness. The final chapter on ploche and poliptoton introduces figures of repetition, probably unfamiliar to most readers. Pioche, described as "perfect repetition", is a word woven into a discourse in the same, or at times, in a different, sense. The second figure, polyptoton, appearing in highly inflected languages more frequently than in English, repeats a word but does so in a different grammatical case. In a dazzling account of the history of writings on electricity, the author documents the grammatical shifts that occur as experimenters begin to understand its nature. First a...

Research Article| May 01 2000 Fesf und Festrhetorik Josef Kopperschmidt und Helmut Schanze eds, Fesf und Festrhetorik (München: W. Fink Veriag, 1999), 402 pp. Karl-Heinz Göttert Karl-Heinz Göttert Institut für deutsche Sprache und Literatur, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, Universität zu Köln, D-50923 Köln, Germany. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (2): 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.223 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Karl-Heinz Göttert; Fesf und Festrhetorik. Rhetorica 1 May 2000; 18 (2): 223–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.223 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| May 01 2000 Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation, by David Gribble Michael J. Edwards Michael J. Edwards School of English and Drama, Queen Mary and 'Westfield College, London El 4NS, United Kingdom. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (2): 218–220. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.217 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Michael J. Edwards; Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation. Rhetorica 1 May 2000; 18 (2): 218–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.217 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| May 01 2000 Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1593) Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1593): Historisch-kritische Einleitiung, Transkription und Kommentar von Beate-Maria Koll (Frankfurt a. M.: Lang, 1996), clxvi + 260 pp. Andrea Grün-Oesterreich Andrea Grün-Oesterreich Zentrum für Rhetorik- und Renaissance-Studien, Universität Essen, Universitätsstrasse 12, D-45117 Essen, Germany. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (2): 220–222. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.220 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Andrea Grün-Oesterreich; Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1593). Rhetorica 1 May 2000; 18 (2): 220–222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.220 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

La descripción de lugares, regulada por los modèles y normas de las grandes obras de oratoria de la Antigüedad y por los manuales de progymnasmata, dio lugar en el siglo III a un tratado de importancia, el del rétor Menandro sobre la composition de alabanzas y dedicado en gran parte a la descripción y encomio de países y cuidades. Un análisis de la “Instructión y memoria de las relaciones que se han de hacer para la descriptión de las Indias”, cuestionario publicado por la corona española a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, y usado como patrón en la confectión de las Relaciones Geográficas de Indias, pone de manifiesto la presencia del tratado de Menandro en la elaboration del cuestionario. El articulo se completa con resúmenes de los contedidos de la obra de Menandro y de la “Instructión y memoria”, y una pequeña antología de textos retóricos españoles sobre la descriptión de lugares.

Modern rhetorical theory suggests that epideictic creates and sustains values by addressing issues of legitimacy, inclusion, exclusion, and virtue. By focusing on the epideictic dimension in Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, this paper explores Paul’s efforts to form an emerging Christian community that at once identified with its Judaic roots and yet dissociated itself from a conservative sect of Jewish Christians, who were attempting to colonize the young Galatian churches.

This article examines the way in which the classical rhetorical tradition inspired John Quincy Adams’s public life. While rhetorical scholars have probed Adams’s role as Harvard’s first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric, they have not appreciated how the classical tradition in general, and Ciceronian rhetoric in particular, influenced his political career. Social scientists, on the other hand, have studied Adams’s impact on Antebellum America but have not appreciated how his life-long devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. John Quincy Adams remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of the idiosyncratic positions that Adams adopted over the course of his long career are explicated by considering his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator “speaking well” to promote the welfare of the polis.

Reviews David Gribble, Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999) ix + 304pp. Yet another biography of Alcibiades? Well, no. This is a study of Alcibiades' bios, the way he lived his life and how the ancient sources portray it, set against the background of Greek attitudes towards the relationship between the individual and the city. Building on the work of scholars such as Christopher Gill and his own supervisor, Christopher Pelling, Gribble begins in the introduction with a discussion of what we should understand by the term "individual" in the Greek context and the type of individuality into which Alcibiades falls ("the empowered, confident, assertive individual, possessing the power to make moral choice, and endowed with status: the citizen. Contrast the repressed and powerless person, the subject", p. 7). But Alcibiades, like the heroes of the Iliad and Themistocles, is a "great individual", superlative rather than unique and with superlative status, and this puts him in some ways outside his society and a danger to it. The great individual's love of honour (philotimia) leads him into conflict with his community, and the key qualities of his phusis (nature) are excellently examined by Gribble with reference to the philosophical discussions of Plato and Aristotle. In the first part of chapter 1 Gribble discusses the Alcibiades tradition, which he divides into three stages. In the fifth and early fourth centuries attitudes towards Alcibiades were polarised—to his supporters he was the supreme citizen, to his opponents he was a dangerous threat to the polis. By the later fourth century, when he was no longer a live issue, an ambivalent portrayal of Alcibiades was developing, as writers like Demosther es looked back to the great days of the Athenian empire and noted both Alcibiades' hybris and his public achievements. Socratic writings emphasised his moral development or degeneration, and as the 217 218 RHETORICA tradition entered its third stage in the Hellenistic period moral anecdotes came to predominate, while the political (and "factual") side of Alcibiades' life became less important. It will have been in this period that Alcibiades' later role as a favourite topic of declamation had its origins, though the rhetorical texts, with one possible exception (see on [Andocides] 4 below), are lost. In the second part of this chapter Gribble examines the relationship between the élite individual and the democratic city in terms of conspicuous public expenditure (on liturgies and the pan-Hellenic games), contacts with the élite of other cities (through guestfriendship and marriage) and private luxury spending; and this leads to a discussion of Alcibiades' relationship with Athens in four key areas: his betrayal of the city as a result of tension between personal and civic values, his participation at the Olympics of 416, his uncontrolled behaviour concerning bodily pleasures and his foreign contacts. Gribble's analysis here is perceptive and persuasive, bringing out out well the kinds of behaviour which enabled élite individuals to gain power, but at the same time put them outside the norms of the democratic city and so undermined them. After this excellent general discussion of the portrayal of Alcibiades' relationship with the city, Gribble moves on to more detailed study of the sources. Separate chapters on the rhetorical works, Thucydides, and Plato and the Socratics are followed by a concluding chapter on Plutarch's Life ofAlcibiades. Gribble analysis of the trials of Alcibiades' son in the 390s and the speeches connected with them (Isocrates 16, Lysias 14 and 15) is invaluable, especially the discussion of the intertextual relationship between Isocrates 16 and Lysias 14. Gribble argues convincingly that Lysias 14 represents closely the speech delivered at the trial, whereas the encomium of Alcibiades in Isocrates 16 raises suspicions of later editing. In Part B of this chapter Gribble brings [Andocides] 4 and the speeches of Alcibiades in Thucydides into a full discussion of the competing rhetorical presentations of Alcibiades' position with regard to Athens, his patriotism and treachery. He is surely correct to argue that [Andocides] 4 is a later composition, and makes a strong case for a Hellenistic dating (he might have considered the stylistic argument against Andocidean authorship; see, for example, my summary of S...

220 RHETORICA through the Life; and he goes on to consider the differences between the accounts of Plutarch and Thucydides, partly due to the approach of biographer and historian, but more importantly stemming from Plutarch's more complex view of Alcibiades' relationship with the city. But if the Life has a schema based on Alcibiades' ambition, "linking the key traits-4iybris, dissolution, philotimia, adaptability, demogogy—into a single comprehensive character" (p. 282), at the end it returns to the theme of inconsistency— was Alcibiades' murder occasioned by political (order by Lysander to prevent his return) or moral (he seduced a local girl) considerations? And, like Plutarch, Gribble ends appropriately by submitting to the elusiveness of his subject. In conclusion, Gribble's book is a major contribution to the study both of Alcibiades and more generally of the role of the individual in the ancient city and in classical texts. It is a complex and comprehensive work to which a short review can hardly do justice, and I thoroughly recommend it. Michael J Edwards Queen Mary and Westfield College.University ofLondon Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1593): Historisch-kritische Einleitung, Transkription und Kommentar von Beate-Maria Koll (Frankfurt a. M.: Lang, 1996), clxvi + 260 pp. Die vorliegende Ausgabe erfüllt ein lang erwartetes Desiderat der Rhetorikforschung. B.-M. Koll hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, fiber eine der elaboriertesten Figurenlehren der englischen Renaissance, Henry Peachams Garden of Eloquence, umfassend zu informieren. Sie tut dies gleich dreifach. Neben einer sehr grlindlichen und gelehrten historisch-kritischen Einleitung (166 S.) bietet sie die Transkription der zweiten Ausgabe von 1593 (197 S.) sowie einen Sachkommentar zu den von Peacham offen oder verdeckt benutzten Quellen (35 S.). Die Einleitung, die sich, was die Menge und Qualitàt an Information betrifft, àufierst positiv von W. G. Cranes Introduction Reviews 221 zur Facsimile-Ausgabe von 1954 unterscheidet, bringt neben einem komprimierten Forschungsbericht Details zu Biographie und Editionen sowie einer rhetorischen Analyse der Dedicatorie Epistle vor allem eine historisch-deskriptive Untersuchung zur Systematik der rhetorischen Figuren. Durchgángige Vergleiche zwischen den beiden Garden-Ausgaben von 1577 und 1593 sowie mit zeitgenôssischen stilistischen (J. Susenbrotus, R. Sherry), ramistischen (D. Fenner, A. Talaeus) und an Cicero orientierten (Th. Wilson) Rhetoriken sowie den üblichen antiken Autoritáten (u.a. Cicero, Quintilian, Aristóteles) verbindet Koll mit der optisch sehr leserfreundlichen Pràsentation rhetorischer Grundstrukturen durch graphische Stemmata und einer pràzisen Analyse von Peachams Kategorien der Tropes und Schemates. Sie kommt dabei zu folgenden interessanten Ergebnissen: 1. Gegenüber der Erstausgabe weist die Z93-Ausgabe insgesamt einen deutlich "hôheren Strukturierungsgrad" (xliv) auf. Susenbrotus kann daher nicht mehr "als alleinige" (1) und Sherry überhaupt "nicht als Quelle" (lii) der zweiten Edition angesehen werden. 2. Die zweite Ausgabe ist keine ramistische Rhetorik, wie ôfter behauptet. So gehen z. B. "Peachams Bemühungen dahin, die Poetik aus der Rhetorik auszuschalten" (lxvii), wàhrend Talaeus diese gerade integriert. 3. Vielmehr lehnt sich Peacham "an die Konzeption der Figuristen und Traditionalisten an" (lviii), ohne allerdings "irgendeine Systematik geschlossen zu adaptieren" (lvi). 4. Peacham "integriert Inventio und Memoria funktional" (lxvi) in sein Figurensysten. Er "erstellt ein Affektsystem" (xciv); er behandelt unter den Überschriften Vse und Caution immer wieder "Aussagen über das Decorum" (cliii) und verlangt "nicht nur die Beachtung rhetorischer Tugenden, sondern auch die moralischer Normen." (clvii) Seine wiederholten Wamungen vor moglichem Mifibrauch, die auf christliche Moralvorstellungen rekurrieren, sind innerhalb der Rhetorikhandbücher seiner Zeit "einzigartig" (clviii). Daher fállt Peachams Garden von 1593 keinesfalls unter die Kategorie der reinen stilistischen Figurenkompilation. 5. Originalitât beweist Peacham auch bei der Behandlung "seltener rhetorischer Figuren" (cxvi), die "keiner 222 RHETORICA zeitgenôssischen englischen oder lateinischen Rhetorik" (cxviii) entstammen, bei der durchgàngigen "forcierten Verwendung von Vergleichen und Metaphem", die ebenfalls nirgendwo "eine Parallèle" (cxxxiii) in seiner Zeit finden, sowie bei seiner ausgefeilten Exemplifizierungstechnik (Bibel, klassische Autoren, Sprichwôrter). Ihn als reinen "Kopisten" (cxxxiii) oder "Plagiator" (cxliii) zu bezeichnen, ein weiteres Vorurteil der Sekundàrliteratur, verbietet sich daher von selbst. Insgesamt kommt Koll zu dem Schlufi, dafi Peachams "Konzeption von Rhetorik christlich-humanistisch zu nennen ist" (clxv). Bei allem— nicht nur—für die damalige Zeit typischem Eklektizismus hat er so viel neues Gedankengut zu bieten...