Reviews 303 in achieving his neosophistic goal to put ancient, sophistic rhetoric on the road to journey toward contemporary concerns (p. 58). Michelle Baliff The University of Georgia Pierre Chiron (ed.), Pseudo-Aristote, Rhétorique à Alexandre (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, Collection des Universités de France, 2002) CLXXIV + 269pp. The Rhetorica ad Alexandrian (hereafter Rhet. Ah) is one of the two major classical Greek rhetorical handbooks, the other being Aristotle's Rhetoric, and is commonly viewed as the poorer of the two works. It takes its name from the dedication at the start of the work: "Aristotle to Alexander [the Great]: Greetings". Scholars and students who have had to use Loeb edition of the Rhet. Ah, edited by H. Rackham (Aristotle Vol. XVI), published in 1937 (reprinted in 1987), or the Teubner edition of M. Fuhrmann, published in 1966, will welcome with great delight Chiron's edition. Chiron's long introduction and copious, detailed notes, in addition to text and translation, make this book a valuable scholarly resource (though anyone without a reading knowledge of French will still have to use the Loeb of course). The very long Introduction (pp. VII-CLXXIV) is practically a book in itself. Chiron covers in great detail the structure of the Rhet. Al. (pp. VII-XL), its date and authorship (pp. XL-CVII), its relationship to ancient rhetoric and the influence of ancient rhetoricians on it (pp. CVII-CLV), the manuscript tradition (CLV-CLXVII), and finally the various manuscripts of the work and editions (pp. CLXIX-CLXXIV). The date and authorship of the Rhet. Al. are controversial issues; seldom has a dedication caused so much trouble. Chiron assigns the Rhet. Al. to the period 340-300, and for stylistic and philosophical reasons rejects, rightly, the attribution to Aristotle. Chiron seems content to follow Quintilian (3.4.9), who ascribes the authorship to another of Alexander's teachers, Anaximenes of Lampsacus. This is the generally accepted author of the Rhet. Al., but even so Chiron urges caution, given that the text may well have been altered from its original composition, and is even a composite. This conclusion, not novel to be sure, comes from a very detailed analysis of the "source tradition" on the Rhet. Al. and a comparison of it with Aristotle's Rhetoric. So too does Chiron's view on the influence of the Rhetoric on the Rhet. Al. The text and translation are on pp. 2-116; Chiron follows for the most part the divisions of Bekker's text of 1881, and the apparatus criticus contains the variant readings pertinent to Chiron's text. The Rhet. Al. is not an easy work to read; it is full of technical Greek terms, descriptions of the various functions of speeches, types of examples to give, and so on. Chiron's transla­ tion is good, faithfully reproducing the Greek while not causing confusion 304 RHETORICA by being overly literal. He also inserts sub-titles to what the Rhet. Al. deals with next, which aid the reader immensely There are 761 notes at the bottom of each page of translation and in almost one hundred pages (pp. 117-201) of "Notes Complémentaires". These contain an abundance of cross-references to other ancient sources (especially identifying relevant passages in other rhetorical works which are very helpful), while references to modern liter­ ature (mostly French at that) are kept to a minimum. This is hardly the place for a detailed critique, so let me give just one example of a topic in which I have my own scholarly interest: Rhet. Al. 29 on the exordium. Chiron gives us almost fifty detailed notes, though curiously little mention is made of the Demosthenic exordia or the Budé text of the exordia edited by R. Clavaud (1974). The edition also has an index of proper names (pp. 203-205), a lengthy index of Greek terms (pp. 207-258), and a concordance of previous major texts with differing divisions: Erasmus (1539 and 1550), Bekker in the Berlin Aristotle (1881), Hammer's revision of Spengel in the Teubner (1894), and Fuhrmann's recent Teubner (pp. 259-268). Chiron cites the works of other scholars on the Rhet. Al., works that are mostly...

In De inventione Cicero defends rhetoric by presenting a myth of the progress of the human species from asocial brutes to rational and social creatures. However, as Cicero explains the corruption of rhetoric by cunning individuals moved only by private interest, his myth reveals the present situation to be every bit as divided and contentious as the mythic state of nature. His myth discovers that rhetoric cannot escape corruption. Stasis theory, however, offers the possibility of an ethical rhetorical practice. By formalizing the agonistic clash of interests as a method of invention, stasis theory transforms a source of social instability into a resource for on-going social reinvention.

The following thirteen theses expose the anthropology of the homo rhetoricus and attempt to outline a new design of philosophy for the 21st century: I. Man is a rhetorical being. - II. The general power of speech exists as a fundamental and universal phenomenon in human life world and is the necessary foundation of all artificial rhetoric. - III. Man as homo rhetoricus is the main object of a fundamental, rhetorical anthropology. - IV. The categories of classical rhetoric have a heuristic function with respect to the anthropology of the homo rhetoricus. - V. The five basic faculties of invention, disposition, elocution, memory and performance form a heuristic pattern for a fundamental, rhetorical conception of spirit (Geist). - VI. The (post-)modern existence of homo rhetoricus is dominated by the figure of irony. - VII. Ironic alterity also designates the culture in the beginning of the 21st century. - VIII. The danger of an unlimited postmodern irony consists of an infinite ironical regress. - IX. Philosophy in general is also a creation of the homo rhetoricus. - X. The rhetorical metacritique of philosophy is directed against classical metaphysics as well as against its antagonist - postmodern deconstruction. - XI. Both—the supposed evidence of dogmatic metaphysics and the neosophistical evidence of non-evidence are contingent. - XII. The rhetorical enlightenment does not aim at a pure postmodern deconstruction of philosophy but consequently reaches forward to its fundamental, rhetorical reconstruction. - XIII. A rhetorically well-informed and enlightened metaphysics represents a new and positive mode of existence of the homo rhetoricus.

The aim of this paper is to explore the Montaigne’s use of enargeia in three essays: “Des Cannibales,” “Des Coches” and “De Texercitation.” During the French Renaissance, enargeia remained a central means by which writers transferred living experience into language. The elaborate visual possibilities offered by enargeia, encapsulated in the writings of Quintilian, were popularised in France through the diffusion of Erasmus’s rhetorical handbook De diuplici copia verborum ac reruin. However, the sense of graphic presence and truth conveyed by Erasmus’s handbook came to be challenged through the increasing awareness of the disparity between living experience and verbal language. In his Essais, Montaigne’s awareness of the deceptive properties of visual representation allows him to explore, often playfully, the pleasures and instabilities of linguistic expression, and to gain a heightened insight into the perceptual inadequacy which characterize much human behaviour. In this way, Montaigne poignantly demonstrates the instructive nature of rhetorical theories on which he draws to illustrate his understanding of human experience.

This paper is a modern reformulation of Aristotle's concepts of topos and enthymeme and the relation between them. Briefly, a topos may be understood as a binary relation which replaces implication in the syllogism to yield an enthymeme. If a syllogism is an argument of the form, (1)If P, and P implies Q, then Q

In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare draws on several aspects of the classical rhetorical tradition so widely studied in Renaissance England. The main characters have distinctive rhetorical styles: Launcelot and the would-be witty courtiers are rhetorically characterized by vices of language, Shylock by rhetorical questions and figures of repetition, and Portia by figures of thought. A close examination of the characters’ rhetorical traits reveals significant similarities between Shylock’s language and that of Declamation 95 in Sylvain’s The Orator, and between Portia’s forensic strategy and the classical theory of status. Written in the mid-1590s, The Merchant of Venice illustrates the very uses and abuses of rhetoric described in Henry Peacham’s revised version of The Garden of Eloquence (1593).

Reviews 101 Brian Vickers ed., English Renaissance Literary Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1999) xvi + 655pp. Brian Vickers's anthology collects modern spelling selections from the most important critical statements in English between Sir Thomas Elyot's Boke named the Governonr (1531) and Thomas Hobbes's 1675 preface to his translation of Homer's Odyssey. Dryden's critical prose, much of it published before 1675, is justifiably treated as beyond the scope of a renaissance anthology. The dominant figures are Sir Thomas Wilson, George Puttenham, Sir Philip Sidney, whose Defence ofPoetry is included complete, John Hoskyns, Thomas Heywood and Ben Jonson. In comparison to the two volumes of G. Gregory Smith's Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904), which it replaces, Vickers's book includes more poetry (notably Baldwin's "Collingbourne", from the Mirrorfor Magistrates, Spenser's "October" from The Shepheardes Calendar, a scene attributed to Shakespeare in which Lodowick and Edward III discuss the writing of love poetry, and John Ford's "Elegy on John Fletcher", here printed for the first time) and more rhetoric. Vickers gives less space to Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Campion and omits Thomas Lodge, William Webbe and Thomas Nashe. Vickers's introduction insists that since literature was a form of rhetoric, English renaissance literary criticism was largely prescriptive, aiming to provide the kind of help which would be useful to writers (pp. 1-6). This enables him to put rhetoric at the centre of renaissance literary criticism and justifies his extensive selections from Wilson, Puttenham and Hoskyns (the latter two particularly illustrating the figures of speech). Vickers's excellent notes show the reliance of these English rhetorics on classical sources and also on Susenbrotus's continental Latin compilation Epitome troporum ac schematorum. He might have pointed out that both Wilson's rhetoric and Angel Day's account of the figures (15 editions between them) offer a wider diffusion for the "Englished Susenbrotus" than Puttenham, whose Arte of English Poesie, was printed only once. Vickers quotes Jonson and Wilson on the importance of ethics for lit­ erature (pp. 12-13) which he links with the fashion for epideictic (excellently illustrated among the texts he includes). Perhaps Vickers ought to acknowl­ edge that the ethical teaching of the Arcadia, whose heroes have faults which run from deceit to intended rape (and against whose impulses humanist ethical education is strikingly ineffectual), is more problematic than can be summed up as a concern to embody fully-realized images of virtue and vice (p. 13). Vickers notes the way rhetoricians took examples of the figures and tropes from Arcadia, giving examples from Puttenham and Hoskyns. He had no space for Abraham Fraunce or for Fulke Greville's ethical reading ofArca­ dia. Given his rhetorical focus, Vickers might have said more about copia and amplification, or perhaps have found space for some of the English examples of dialectical analyses of texts. Part of William Temple's analysis of Sidney's Defence would have suited his selection well. On the other hand the argu­ ment that Erasmus's encomium on marriage is the source for Shakespeare's first seventeen sonnets (pp. 32-39), which justifies the inclusion of Wilson's 102 RHETORICA translation of that declamation (pp. 93-115) is not wholly convincing. The bibliography of secondary literature (pp. 627-28) needs to be extended in a revised edition. But such cavilling is hardly to the point. Vickers's introduction is lucid, wide-ranging and masterly. His notes are superb and properly acknowledge the contributions of earlier scholars. His selection of texts is enterprising, including much that is new, as well as a judicious choice of the best that is well-known. He provides a helpful glossary and user-friendly indexes to the material. This book is as useful as Russell and Winterbottom's famous selection of Ancient Literary Criticism and when it appears in paperback teachers and students of renaissance literature will find it indispensable. Peter Mack University of Warwick Manuel López Muñoz, Fray Luis de Granada y la retórica (Almería: Universidad de Almería, 2000) 222pp. Este libro es sin duda una rigurosa y documentada monografía so­ bre la aportación de Fray Luis de Granada a la...

In the Rhetoric, Aristotle identifies “bringing-before-the-eyes” as a capacity that is crucial to metaphors because it allows rhetors to actualize actions immediately before audiences, leading those audiences to insight. Because this description suggests that metaphors activate cognitive mechanisms on the part of their listeners, “bringing-before-the-eyes” has been considered a key element within Aristotle’s theory and the nexus of that approach to metaphor and contemporary conceptual ones. Yet, no study has probed these claims to any degree. Accordingly, this paper examines Aristotle’s references to “bringing-before-the-eyes” as well as to two associated concerns, energeia / actualization and sense perception. This examination demonstrates that “bringing-before-the-eyes” is not explicitly cognitive but instead a perceptive capacity. In this, Aristotle’s theory anticipates recent approaches to language because it allows the audience to participate in the persuasive process at a level that extends its role beyond the traditional Aristotelian understanding that it is the target of emotional appeals.

422 RHETORICA auf die âufiere Einwirkung auf die Menschen im Sinne der Vorfeldaufgabe beschrânkt. In diesem Kontext gelingt der Verfasserin eine für die allgemeine "Geschichte des Willensbegriffes" (p. 160) tatsâchlich wichtige und intéressante Entdeckung. Bei der Beschreibung des inneren Wirkens Gottes setzt Augustinus das delectare mit dem movere nahezu gleich. Aus dem Dreierschema der officia oratoris wird so ein Zweierschema, das die affektiv-voluntative Seite des Menschen im Kontrast zum kognitiven Bereich starker betont. So wird am Ende der nicht unerhebliche Anteil rhetorischer Terminologie bei der Herausbildung des Willensbegriffes bei Augustinus sichtbar. Um so mehr verwundert es, dass der Verfasserin bei ihrer Interpreta­ tion von De doctrina Christiana die ebenfalls stark akzentuierte Bedeutung des movere bzw.flectere und damit die affektiv-voluntative Seite der christlichen Rhetorik des Augustinus entgeht: Im Unterschied zu Cicero stehe für Au­ gustinus auch hier "das docere im Vordergrund" (p. 38). Die Stellen, in denen Augustinus das commovere des stilus grandis (De doct. chr. IV.27) herausstellt oder mit ausdrücklichem Verweis auf Cicero die entscheidende Bedeutung des flectere für den Redesieg (victoria) betont (De doct. chr. IV.28), werden dabei anscheinend überlesen. Kann es sein, daB die Verfasserin unter dem Eindruck der vermeintlichen "Genialitât" (p. 159) des Kirchenvaters den gravierenden Anteil der klassischen antiken Rhetorik an seiner Theoriebildung zu gering einschàtzt? Dieser Kritikpunkt gefâhrdet aber nicht den positiven Gesamteindruck der ansonsten akribischen Studie, die den Variantenreichtum der Prâsenz des rhetorischen Schemas der officia oratoris im Gesamtwerk des Augustinus eindrucksvoll erschliefit und so ein unverzichtbares Hilfsmittel für die zukünftige Augustinusforschung darstellt. Peter L. Oesterreich Augustana-Hochschule, Neuendettelsau Jean-Yves Tilliette, Des mots a la parole: Une lecture de la "Poetria Nova" de Geoffroy de Vinsauf (Geneva: Droz, 2000) 199 pp. The extraordinary popularity of Geoffrey de Vinsauf's early thirteenthcentury Poetria Nova was due in no small part to its being at once de arte and ex arte, a textbook on how to write poetry that is itself a poem. Most of the Poetria Nova's modern readers and many of its medieval ones nonetheless have emphasized its doctrine over its poetry, thereby missing, according to Jean-Yves Tilliette, much of what was new about Geoffrey's "New Poetics". Only by approaching the poem as a homogeneous and coherent work of literature rather than as a collection of conventional rules that have been set in verse, Tilliette argues, can we properly understand its unique status Reviews 423 as both manifesto and exemplar of a "new poetry" that replaces the early medieval "aesthetic of iaiitatio" with verbal virtuosity, explicitly recognises the historical break with the classical tradition caused by the Incarnation of Christ, and conceives of the poet as creator rather than artisan (pp. 9-12). Before he supports this thesis with a close reading or "intrinsic analysis" of the Poetria Nova, Tilliette devotes three chapters of "extrinsic analysis" to the chief influences that define the "cultural environment" of Geoffrey's poem: classical rhetoric as it was taught in the late Middle Ages, Horace's Ars poética or the "Old Poetics", and the Latin allegories of cosmic order and knowledge by Bernardus Silvestris and other writers of the twelfthcentury "School of Chartres". With rhetoric Geoffrey's new poetry shares the function of argument and (moral) persuasion; from the Ars poética, as interpreted by medieval commentators, derives the key insight of the new poetics, that poetry is a specific mode of apprehending and appropriating the world, whose "proper" sense is (paradoxically) the "figurative" sense; and from the platonizing poets comes the conception of the poet as demiurge who reveals the hidden archetypes by recreating in his poetry other possible worlds beyond the sensible world. The remaining five chapters demonstrate how the text of the Poetria Nova simultaneously expounds and embodies what Geoffrey conceives to be the highest goal of poetry: to use figurative language to make "possi­ ble worlds" visible and thus, in effect, to "reinvent the universe" (p. 68). Each of these chapters analyzes a different section of the Poetria Nova, using questions raised by that section's divergence from traditional pedagogy to highlight Geoffrey's originality. Thus, chapter 4 attempts to explain...

424 RHETORICA Tilliette's principal aim may be to (re)claim the Poetria Nova as literature and for literary studies, but his book will nonetheless interest historians of rhetoric. Not only does he show how Geoffrey's conception of poetry was fundamentally rhetorical, but he also discovers specific uses of classical rhetorical concepts in some of the passages he considers most central to Geoffrey's poetic project. For example, he maintains that the two central techniques of amplificatio (apostrophe and prosopopeia) are valued above the three techniques that precede and the three that follow them because, through their use of dialogue, they serve to move rather than to instruct and delight the hearer (p. 97). Still more interesting is Tilliette's detailed argument that the first of the two poems illustrating easy ornament is structured on the model of a lawyer's speech, which serves to underscore its debt to Anselm's legalistic theology of the Incarnation (pp. 139-52). Informed by the best contemporary scholarship, rich in critical insight, and provocative in its thesis, this is a book from which all students of the Poetria Nova can profit. Martin Camargo University ofMissouri Claudine Jomphe, Les théories de la dispositio et le Grand Oeuvre de Ron­ sard (Paris: H. Champion, 2000) Études et essais sur la Renaissance, 24. 416 pp. L'étude de Claudine Jomphe est une gageure. Son ambition est d'ana­ lyser, à l'aide des instruments offerts par la rhétorique et la poétique, un texte laissé inachevé par Pierre de Ronsard, prince des poètes à l'époque de la Renaissance. On sait qu'à la mort du roi Charles ix (1574) pour lequel il avait une réelle affection, Ronsard a abandonné son projet d'écrire une épopée nationale digne à la fois de la France et de sa propre stature. Projet caressé dès le début de sa carrière et encouragé par ses amis poètes et poéticiens. Dans le manifeste de la Pléiade, Joachim du Bellay incite les écrivains à "employer cette grande éloquence" pour "bâtir le corps entier d'une belle histoire" en dépouillant ce qui nous reste des "vieilles chroniques françaises" (Défense et illustration, 1549, ii, 5). Jacques Peletier du Mans, de son côté, commence son chapitre sur l'épopée en affirmant que "l'Oeuvre Héroïque est celui qui donne le prix, et le vrai titre de Poète" (Art Poétique, 1555, ii, 8). Avec sa ténacité coutumière, Ronsard a tenté de mener à bien une entreprise d'une importance capitale pour l'émancipation de la langue et de la civilisation françaises; fidèle au principe fondamental des "nouveaux poètes , il a construit son Grand Oeuvre en imitant les modèles classiques, ainsi Homère, les Argonautiques d'Apollonios de Rhodes (3e s. avant J.C .) et bien sûr 1 Enéide. Poète érudit, il connaissait également les épopées Reviews 425 de 1 Antiquité tardive ainsi que celles de la Renaissance italienne, en latin comme en volgare. Il estimait que YOrlando Furioso de l'Arioste est un "mon­ stre aux belles parties , c est-à-dire un texte dont certains "membres" ne manquent pas de beauté, mais dont le "corps" dans son ensemble est dif­ forme (Épître en tête de la Franciade, 1572). Malgré son intention déclarée à créer une oeuvre aux proportions har­ monieuses, destinée à devenir "classique" à son tour, Ronsard n'a pas réussi à achever 1 épopée de ses rêves. Les manuels d'histoire littéraire sont en général sévères à l'égard de la Franciade: ils la traitent d' "épopée manquée" et soulignent que les tentatives réitérées de l'auteur se soldent par un "échec complet". Dans son étude à la fois solide et élégante, Claudine Jomphe analyse longuement chacun des quatre chants de la Franciade et essaie de mettre en évidence les problèmes de construction auxquels le poète se voyait confronté. Elle nous montre ainsi un Ronsard qui reste tenté par son passé: au coeur du chant épique se dessine un chansonnier d'amour...

420 RHETORICA qualsiasi portata teórica, é utile per dimostrare come la parola metaphorá fosse giá sufficientemente diffusa anche al di fuori di un ámbito técnico, al punto di poter essere usata perfino davanti al vasto pubblico di una giuria popolare". La giusta osservazione potrebbe riguardare anche altri elementi della terminología lingüistica, che verranno poi fissati in modo univoco nella trattatistica retorica o grammaticale: si pensi, ad esempio a rhema, verbo, ma anche locuzione, espressione, enunciato, come é spesso testimoniato proprio nell' oratoria attica. In ogni caso, nel passo di Eschine la valenza del termine técnico é in realtá attenuata dalla presenza del suo "determinante" costitutivo, cioé onomato-n\ la metaphorá é sempre spostamento, trasferimento di nomi, anche se l'effetto della collocation, la risorsa lingüistica che permette di separare un sintagma forte dal punto di vista semántico e sintattico, anticipando uno dei due termini del nesso e contando sulla presunzione di reperibilitá dell'altro a breve distanza testuale, autorizza spesso a rendere autosufficiente proprio uno dei due termini, con conseguente eliminazione dell'altro. Ebbene, nel passo eschineo, l'osservazione dell'oratore concerne proprio la possibilitá che Demostene rovesci sul giovane Alessandro, figlio di Filippo, delle ben elabórate "metafore di nomi", rendendo ridicola la cittá di Atene. Si puó immaginare, dunque, che, proprio nel periodo in cui il termine si fissava técnicamente, il sintagma completo lo rendesse piú "popolare" e largamente comprensibile, potremmo dire paradossalmente, proprio per la visibilitá della sua valenza metafórica (l'operazione di spostare, trasferire una parola da un referente ad un altro). Luigi Spina Università Federico If Napoli Barbara Kursawe, Docere delectare movere. Die officia oratoris bei Au­ gustinus in Rhetorik und Gnadenlehre (Paderborn: Schoningh, 2000), 180 pp. Die Studie stellt den direkten und indirekten EinfluB des rhetorischen Dreierschemas der officia oratoris im Gesamtwerk des Augustinus heraus. Sie weist die grundlegende Bedeutung der drei rhetorischen Grundkategorien docere, delectare, movere und der ihnen korrelierenden "Vorfeldaufgabe (p. 11) des attentum, benevolum, docilemfacere sowohl fiir Rhetoriktheorie als auch die theologischen Schriften des Augustinus, insbesondere seine Gnadenlehre, iiberzeugend nach. Dabei erinnert der erste Teil des Buches in knapper Form an die sakulare rhetoriktheoretische Vorgeschichte der officia oratoris bei Cicero und Quintilian. Der zweite Teil untersucht dann Reviews 421 eingehend ihre Rezeption in De doctrina Christiana, und der dritte Teil geht ihrer variantenreichen Prasenz in weiteren Schriften des Augustinus nach. Schliefilich weist der vierte Teil—insbesondere mit Verweis auf die Psalmen und den Paulusbrief—den gravierenden Anted nach, den die rhetorische Terminologie der officia oratoris an der Formulierung der Gnadentheologie des Augustinus besitzt. Insgesamt weist die Studie den EinfluP des rhetorischen Dreierschemas docere delectare movere bei Augustinus "in alien Phasen seiner literarischen Tatigkeit" (p. 153) nach und kommt zu einem differenzierten Ergebnis: Au­ gustinus gebraucht das Denkmuster der officia oratoris einer ersten Textgruppe gemaP ganz im Sinne der antiken Rhetorik Ciceros und Quintilians, in einer zweiten weicht er durch eigenstandige Formulierungen von ihr ab, und in einer dritten deutet er sie um und entfernt sich sogar von ihr. Die mit der klassischen Rhetorik konforme erste Textgruppe enthalt z.B. AuPerungen uber die Wichtigkeit der Erweckung der Aufmerksamkeit bei der Predigt und Katechese angesichts ihrer Gefahrdung durch das taedium der Horer, ferner liber die Bedeutung des movere in der Rhetorik der Bibel und im kirchlichen Gesang. In einer Linie mit der klassischen Rhetorik steht auch die Metaphorik des Augustinus, die die verstandnislose Haltung der Horer als Kaltsein (frigidum esse) und die Wirkung erfolgreicher Redewirkung als Entflammen oder Anziinden (inflammare oder accendere) beschreibt. Zu der zweiten Textgruppe gehort z.B. die Restriktion der Vorfeldaufgabe fur den christlichen Katecheten auf das attention parare. Anders als bei der an­ tiken Beratungs- oder Gerichtsrede kann namlich bei der christlichen Unterweisung das Wohlwollen der Glaubigen in der Regel vorausgesetzt werden. Ferner darf der christliche Lehrer darauf vertrauen, daP die Gelehrigkeit seiner Horer jederzeit durch eine innere Erleuchtung durch den Heiligen Geist herbeigefiihrt werden kann. Ein weiteres Beispiel, in dem Augusti­ nus uber die klassische Rhetoriktheorie hinausgeht, ist die Beschreibung der intimen affektischen Redner-Horer-Beziehung bei der Katechese als eines gemeinsamen Wohnens im Herzen des anderen. Mit dieser "Riickwirkung der bei den Horern erzeugten Affekte auf den Redner" (p. 57) erweitert Augustinus...

On enigma as a rhetorical figure: a brief history in the rhetoricians, encyclopedists, and patristic commentators from Aristotle to Dante’s time, with a rhetorical analysis of the figure. Special attention is given to Augustine in the De trinitate XV on St. Paul’s well-known “in aenigmate” (I Cor. 13:12). Some implications of Augustine’s linking of the figurative and the figural (typological, historical) are considered, with a re-examination of Auerbach’s “Figura” on this question. The importance for our own reading of rhetoric in relation to history and poetry is stressed.

344 RHETORICA in which he worked out his dramatistic poetics" (p. 105). As a set, the four chapters of Part One are the strongest of the collection in their consistent presentation and elaboration of Burke's later concept of aesthetics. Part Two collects three essays that consider Burke's work in the context of reader-response criticism, critical theory, and philosophy. Greig Hender­ son's "A Rhetoric of Form: The Early Burke and Reader-Response Criticism" considers Burke's concept of the formal relation between texts and audi­ ence expectations in the light of Wolfgang Iser's and Stanley Fish's readerresponse theories. Thomas Carmichael's "Screening Symbolicity: Kenneth Burke and Contemporary Theory" similarly examines Burke's theories in comparison with contemporary critical theory, suggesting ways in which Burke prefigured theorists like deMan and Lyotard vis a vis dramatism's antifoundationalist principles. Finally, Robert Wess's essay "Pentadic Terms and Master Tropes" examines A Grammar ofMotives's concluding chapter, "Four Master Tropes", in terms of its philosophical implications for dramatism. Part Three returns to more biographical material, but with the added emphasis of Burke's relation to religion. Wayne C. Booth's retrospective ac­ count of his correspondence with Burke emphasizes prominent religious undertones in the numerous "voices" Burke's letters often assumed. Burke's essay "Sensation, Memory, Imitation/and Story" represents Burke's strug­ gles towards the completion of the dramatistic model and, furthermore, is indicative of the religious undertones in Burke's theories. The final essay is Michael Feehan's discussion of Mary Baker Eddy, a prominent Christian Scientist, and her influence on Burke's Permanence and Change. Like Kenneth Burke in Greenwich Village, the editors of Unending Con­ versations see their collection as invoking and pluralizing "Burke's topos of the conversation" in contexts previously unvisited by Burke scholarship. As early attempts at expanding the range of application of dramatism, both texts offer useful and engaging starting points for further research. Paulo Campos The Ohio State University Peter L. Oesterreich and Thomas O. Sloane eds, Rhetorica Movet. Studies in Historical and Modern Rhetoric in Honour of Heinrich F. Plett (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 545. After yielding so many scholars the chance to discuss rhetoric, Prof. Plett s dedication to the subject is gracefully acknowledged in this collection of essays, published on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. In institutional terms his work has benefited all readers of Rhetorica: he was one of the founders of the ISHR in 1977 and served as its first Secretary General; he established the Centre for Rhetoric and Renaissance Studies at the Universitv Reviews 345 of Essen in 1989, and is an associate editor of this journal. In his own writing, such as the much-cited Rhetorik der Affekte, in the words of Thomas O. Sloane he "has welded a strong link between literary criticism and insights from the history of rhetoric". Written in English and German, Rhetorica Movet engages with the sub­ jects of three international conferences Prof. Plett organized at Essen: twothirds of it studies early modern rhetoric and poetics, with a subsidiary section on modern oratory. Some of the former contributions guide a rhetor­ ical technique smartly through an exercise programme, readying it at its classical antecedents then watching it bend and twist in a period's usage. Bernhard F. Scholz distinguishes Quintilian's view of ekphrasis as a report on the effect that a scene (not a work of art) has on the speaker's inner eye, such that the listener seems to see it too. Andrea and Peter Oesterreich examine Luther's comments on the relationship between rhetoric and dialectic. For Luther, dialectic produced faith while hope was aroused by rhetoric. Two authors take up Shakespeare's rhetoric: Wolfgang G. Muller, on the comic and persuasive uses of the enthymeme, and Peter Mack, on variants of antithesis which connect opposites structuring the last scene of The Winter's Tale. Two stylistic essays use frequency analysis on Dryden's versification (Hermann Bluhme) and mirroring structures in Spanish golden age verse (Jose Antonio Mayoral). Heiner Peters describes Sterne's explo­ ration of analogies between rhetoric and the art of fortification in Tristram Shandy. Other essays defend rhetoric. Judith Rice...

Ever since Plato, the Sophists have been seen as teaching "the art of persuasion", particularly the art (or skill) of persuasive speaking in the lawcourts and the assembly on which success in life depended. I argue that this view is mistaken. Although Gorgias describes logos as working to persuade Helen, he does not present persuasion as the goal of his own work, nor does any other Sophist see persuasion as the primary aim of his logoi. Most sophistic discourse was composed in the form of antilogies (pairs of opposed logoi), in which category I include works like Helen where the other side—the poetic tradition Gorgias explicitly cites as his opponent—is implicitly present. The purpose of these works is primarily to display skill in intellectual argument, as well as to give pleasure. Persuasion may be a goal of some sophistic works, but it is not their primary goal; and teaching the art of persuasion was not a major concern of the Sophists.

346 RHETORICA Roman notions of politics and ethics. Marijke Spies studies the claims made by an Amsterdam chamber of rhetoric, the Eglantine, that its writings on the art of rhetoric - which focused on natural human reason, took its examples from the vernacular and familiar, and gave instances of negotiation - were part of a process of reconciliation after the city left the Spanish crown to join the Dutch Republic in 1578. Several articles use ideas from classical rhetoric to interrogate modern German literature. Helmut Schanze discusses the relationship between the­ atrical speech and political oratory by examining the use of the metaphors of theatre and forum in Goethe, Jean Paul and recent studies of television and digital media. Gert Otto examines modern funeral orations by Max Frisch, Heinrich Boll and Christa Wolf in the light of the classical (Thucydides) and romantic (Grillparzer, Borne) traditions of consolatory oratory. Theodor Verweyen discusses the use of metonymy in Bertolt Brecht and Gottfried Benn in the light of modern analyses of classical theories this trope. Several of the modern pieces focus on the speech act and its context Rainer Schulze describes how studies of rhetoric have interacted with cognitive linguistics in the analysis of metaphors as constituents of understanding. Thomas O. Sloane mischievously argues that playing with words engenders a famil­ iarity and therefore a competence in playing with ideas—within defined playgrounds. As this brief notice has shown, the volume should be read as an un­ usually generous number of Rhetorica rather than a exploration of different aspects of a single topic (the editors wisely steer clear of an introduction). The wide range of the essays, literary critical, historical and theoretical, is a just tribute to the dedicatee's scholarship. Ceri Sullivan University of Wales, Bangor Georgia Clarke and Paul Crossley eds, Architecture and Language: Con­ structing Identity in European Architecture c. 1000—c. 1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). This volume of collected papers is noteworthy as containing the first extensive studies by art historians to acknowledge and explore the influence of teaching and theory of rhetoric on writings about architecture and on architectural practice in the Renaissance and early modern period. We have had a number of good books and articles on the influence of rhetoric on painting and on music in the Renaissance, and many works on architecture discuss political and social meanings of buildings without actually using the word rhetoric or employing rhetorical terminology, but until now we have lacked good assessments of the indebtedness of architectural treatises to Reviews 347 rhetorical invention, arrangement, and style, including viewing the classical orders of architecture in terms of rhetorical commonplaces, all of which is done in chapters of this book. The first four chapters discuss the language used by medieval writers to describe features of architectures in England, France, Italy, and Germany. It was only with Leon Battista Alberti, writing in the mid-fifteenth century, that the concepts and vocabulary of classical rhetoric entered architectural treatises. In "Architecture, Language, and Rhetoric in Alberti's De Re Aedificatoria ", Caroline van Eck shows that Alberti's source for theory and termi­ nology was not so much Vitruvius's De Architecture, as usually believed, but classical works on rhetoric by Aristotle, Cicero, Quintilian, and others. (There is an English translation of Alberti's treatise by J. Rykwert et al., published by the Harvard University Press, 1988.) Cammy Brothers then continues the subject with a chapter entitled 'Architectural Texts and Imitation in Late-Fifteenth- and Early-SixteenthCentury Rome". Debates ox er imitetio and eemuletio among Renaissance rhetoricians are echoed in architectural writing, and Brothers concludes that "the desire for authoritative models emerges from architectural treatises with increasing clarity over the course of the sixteenth century and parallels the development of an increasingly strict Ciceronianism" (p. 100). Subsequent chapters that will especially interest students of the history of rhetoric include "Sanmichelli's Architecture anti Literary Theory", by Paul Davies and David Hemsoll; "Architects and Academies: Architectural Theories of Imitetio and Literary Debates on Language and Style", by Alina A. Payne; and "The Rhetorical Model in the Formation of French Architectural Language in the Sixteenth Century: The Triumphal Arch as a Commonplace", by Yves Pauwels. Important rhetorical terms...

This paper argues that Aristotle’s conception of epideictic speeches of blame (psogos speeches) did not reflect speaking practices in his day. It surveys the evidence available for speeches of blame, noting the paucity of such speeches, explains why they might not have been given, and recommends that we recognize this absence from classical Greek public address.

Reviews 271 Tersite (p. 251): L. Spina analyse, dans le cadre des rapports entre l'orateur et le contenu de son discours, condamnations et réhabilitations de Thersite (Iliade, II, 211-277), de Libanios à La Stampa. Dans La testimonianza diAtanasio sul Péri hupokriseôs di Teofrasto (177,368 Rabe = 712 FHS & G) (p. 271), M. Vallozza examine un texte d'Athanasios dans les Prolégomènes au Péri staseôn d'Hermogène comme témoignage sur le Péri hupokriseôs de Théophraste et justifie la correction par Rabe de ton tonon tes psukhês en ton tonon tês phones. On se réjouit que chaque article soit accompagné d'une bibliographie judicieusement sélective et parfaitement à jour. Cela contribue à faire de ce livre une mise au point sur la recherche dans le champ de a rhétorique et une invitation à s'engager sur les pistes tracées, qu'il s'agisse d'auteurs, de thèmes ou d'approches nouvelles. Michel Nouhaud Université de Limoges Michel Patillon, Hermogène, l'Art rhétorique. Traduction française inté­ grale, traduction et notes, Préface de Pierre Laurens (Paris, L'Age d'homme, 1997), 640pp. In his Lives of the Sophists Philostratos tells of the rise and fall of the adolescent prodigy Hermogenes (577K). By the age of fifteen his reputation was such that Marcus Aurelius came to hear him declaim and left amazed by his talent for improvisation. But, says Philostratos, his powers suddenly and inexplicably deserted him, leaving him to live out the rest of his life in obscurity, far from the glittering prizes of the sophistic performance circuit. The rhetorical textbooks attributed to him, however, became the standard rhetorical curriculum throughout the Byzantine middle ages, before being introduced to Reniassance Europe through the work of Greek émigrés like George of Trebizond. Only two of the treatises, On Issues (Peri Staseôn) and On Types of Style (Peri Ideon Logou) are now accepted as second-century works, the others having been added in the 5th or 6th century. But the corpus as edited by Rabe and as translated here in its entirety for the first time, does show us the full range of the rhetorical curriculum of the later Empire. Starting from Progymnasmata, the collection progresses to the complexities of stasis theory — the systematic analysis of the types of question arising in declamation — in On Issues. The treatises Peri Heureseôs (On Invention) and On Types of Style treat the art of composing a speech, and the choice of style. Finally, the curious treatise on the method of "forcefulness (or simply skillfulness as in Patillon's choice of the French term "habileté"), Peri methodou deinotêtos, provides a collection of advice on a variety of problems likely to face the declaimer such as "how to praise oneself". 272 RHETORICA The two treatises generally accepted as works of Hermogenes have been translated separately into English (On Types of Style by C. Wooten, On Issues notably by M. Heath) and into Russian. But, with the exception of the Progymnasmata, the others have never before been available in a modern language, nor has the corpus been accessible as a whole. Patillon's elegant and clear translation is accompanied by copious notes elucidating the mean­ ing of Greek terms, unpacking the unspoken assumptions about language and communication which inform the texts, opening up questions which the rhetoricians themselves took for granted. He also pinpoints the relevant passages of the Late Antique and Byzantine treatises and commentaries preserved in the largely uncharted waters of Walz's Rhetores Graeci. The sub­ stantial introduction (over 100 pages) provides a concise characterisation of the literary and rhetorical culture from which the Hermogenean corpus emerged, discussion of questions of authorship, and an invaluable overview of each of the constituent parts of the corpus. A preface by Pierre Laurens traces the reception of the corpus, particularly the treatise On Types of Style, in the Renaissance and Early Modern periods. The bibliography and indices are full and extremely useful (though the index of Greek words does not always give every occurrence of a term). The publication date did not allow for the inclusion of Patillon's...

Renaissance humanists modified rather than rejected the medieval adaptation of classical rhetoric to letter writing, but they came to scorn the “barbaric” grammar of the ars dictaminis. This development followed the widespread dissemination through printing, beginning in 1471, of the Elegantiae of Lorenzo Valla and its imitators. Niccolo Perotti incorporated Valla’s approach to language in a section on epistolography of his Rudimenta grammatices, and soon letter writing and elegantiae became closely associated in textbooks. By about 1500, not only medieval writers but even humanist pioneers of an earlier generation and contemporary professionals who dared to defend established epistolary etiquette were under attack. By 1522, when Erasmus published his De conscribendis epistolis, medieval formulas had become merely comic.

Reviews L. Calboli Montefusco ed., Papers on Rhetoric III (Bologna: CLUEB, 2000), 281pp. On doit savoir gré à Lucia Calboli Montefusco d'avoir assuré la pub­ lication si rapide de ce recueil d'articles issus de communications présentées au XIL Congrès de la Société Internationale d'Histoire de la Rhétorique (Amsterdam, juillet 1999). Ces articles recouvrent une très longue période, allant d'Homère à l'époque médiévale, ce qui et peut-être justifié un classe­ ment chronologique. Leur diversité, leur originalité témoignent du regain de faveur que connaissent les recherches actuelles dans le domaine de la rhétorique et font de ce livre un ouvrage particulièrement stimulant. Dans The S. C. de Cn. Pisone pâtre: Asianisam and Juridical Language (p. 1), G. Calboli étudie les particularités linguistiques de ce Senatus Con­ sultant et y distingue une influence de l'éloquence rhodienne et des traits d'asianisme (grand nombre des relatives). Il met en lumière le rôle joué par Tibère dans la rédaction de ce texte, qui apparaît comme un document sur l'école de rhétorique de Théodore de Gadara. Dans Aristóteles' Benutzung des homoion in argumentatio und elecutio (p. 27), L. Calboli Montefusco con­ sidère la catégorie philosophique de Yhomoion comme le fondement de la rhétorique elle-même. Elle analyse son utilisation à l'intérieur de la preuve logique sur des exemples empruntés à la Rhétorique et aux Topiques ainsi que sa fonction stylistique dans l'élaboration des métaphores. Avec II sesto libro delT Institutio oratoria de Quintilian: la trasmissione del sapere, Tattualita storica, Tesperienza autobiográfica (p. 61), M. S. Celentano souligne la transfor­ mation du maître de rhétorique, qui devient un éducateur, un formateur de la jeunesse, par l'introduction dans son oeuvre, à côté des procédés tech­ niques, de son expérience personnelle et d'une réflexion autobiographique à valeur pédagogique. Quelques observations sur la théorie du discours figuré dans la Tekhnê du Ps.-Denys d'Halicarnasse (p. 75) nous sont données par P. Chiron, qui s'intéresse essentiellement au chapitre 9 de ce texte: l'auteur y décrit le discours figuré, qui consiste à "feindre de dire une chose et à en dire une autre". Ce chapitre prend ses distances vis-à-vis de la déclamation, comme de l'analyse linguistique, pour s'ouvrir sur un réel à charactère poli­ tique dans lequel les situations sont diversifiées. Dans Meeting the People: the Orator and the Republican Contio at Rome (p. 95), E. Fantham analyse les exigences rhétoriques de ces assemblées informelles que sont les contiones en faisant appel au témoignage de Cicéron, qui a vu, au cours de sa carrière, le caractère de ces réunions passer du meilleur au pire. Ethos and 269 270 RHETORICA Argument: The Ethos of the Speaker and the Ethos of the Audience (p. 113), tel est le rapport qu'E. Garver cherche à déterminer à partir de la remarque d'Aristote (Rhét. 1356al3) faisant de Yêthos le moyen de prouver le plus efficace. L'orateur ne peut viser à Yêthos sans en faire une fonction de lo­ gos, sa rhétorique devenant un art de l'apparence et de la manipulation. Ainsi Yêthos de l'orateur émerge-t-il de Yêthos de son public. Dans Cicéron critique de l'éloquence stoïcienne (p. 127), C. Lévy commence par présenter quelques personnages que l'orateur "considère comme emblématiques de l'éloquence stoïcienne romaine". Puis il envisage la critique de la rhétorique stoïicienne dans une perspective philosophique (accusation d'obscurité con­ tre les Stoïciens), avant d'étudier la relation entre cette critique et celle que suscitent les Néoattiques et que est d'ordre essentiellement stylistique. La rhétorique de Cicéron s'affirme par contraste avec ces deux conceptions. Avec Sull'uso retorico délia fabula esopica: un esempio nel De virtute di Dione de Prusa (p. 145), A. M. Milazzo étudie l'utilisation de la fable ésopique...

This paper examines the links between Classical (Ciceronian) rhetorical theory and the teaching of medieval Latin prose composition and epistolography between the eleventh century and the renaissance, mainly in Italy Classical rhetorical theory was not replaced by dictamen, nor was it the “research dimension” of everyday dictaminal activity. Rather Classical rhetorical theory, prose composition and epistolography responded to distinct market niches which appeared from time to time in different places as a consequence of social and political changes. Boncompagno’s apparent setting aside of Ciceronian rhetorical theory in favour of stricter notarial and dictaminal procedures was in turn superseded by his successors who chose to enrich their notarial theory with studies of classical rhetoric. Classical rhetorical theory proved influential on dictaminal theory and practice. Dictamen was not ousted by classical rhetoric. It only really declined when growing lay literacy and the use of the vernacular combined with the autonomous professionalism of the legal training institutions to erode the privileged position occupied in medieval times by the dictatores.

Reviews 273 A reading of the full Hermogenean corpus also reveals the sheer in­ tellectual demands of the art of declamation as practised by Philostratos's sophists, not to mention countless generations of Greek and Roman school­ boys. We are familiar with the sophist as virtuoso, as histrionic performer of the Greek past. These treatises take us behind the scenes to show the degree of training in analysis, argumentation, arrangement and verbal expression involved, particularly in an improvised performance like the one which im­ pressed Marcus Aurelius. The difficulty of the primary sources has been a great obstacle to the appreciation of late classical rhetoric, one can only hope for more translations like this, with commentaries of this depth. Ruth Webb Princeton University R. Meynet - L. Pouzet - N. Farouki - A. Sinno, Rhétorique sémitique. Texts de la Bible et de la Tradition musulmane (Paris: Ed. du Cerf, 1998), 347pp. Cet ouvrage, rédigé à quatre mains par des chercheurs de l'Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, a déjà été publié en 1993 en version arabe; rédigé originairement en français dès 1985, il est publié ici avec des remaniements et des améliorations substantiels. Son introduction (pp. 7-11) annonce un double but: (1) tenter de définir, à partir de la rhétorique hébraïque et biblique (cette dernière incluant, outre la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Tes­ tament), également le Nouveau Testament, rédigé en grec mais dont le substrat araméen est reconnu), le concept plus large, et par là plus diffi­ cile à cerner, de "rhétorique sémitique", incluant également la composante arabe; et (2) élaborer, ce faisant, une base de travail commune aux "études exégétiques bibliques et musulmanes", qui ne se situent pas actuallement au même stade de développement et qui dès lors nécessitent la convergence d'une "recherche menée en commun entre chrétiens et musulmans pour une meilleure connaissance mutelle" (p. 7). Il faut saluer ce projet généreux et ambitieux, sans oublier - car il date déjà par certains aspects théoriques (cf. infra) - qu'il a pris naissance dans des circonstances certainement difficiles, à Beyrouth dans les années 1980; comme dans les temps anciens, c est d une crise collective profonde que peut surgir la lumière! L'ouvrage est divisé en trois parties. La Ire partie situe "L'analyse rhétorique dans le champ de la critique" (pp.13-112), en présentant briève­ ment "L'histoire des critiques" et "L'analyse rhétorique", cette dernière étant une "opération exégétique" (pp. 105 ss.) qui constitue ici le concept opératoire de base. La IIe partie inclut 14 exemples d' "Analyse rhétorique des textes" (pp. 115-272), regroupés selon les deux structures majeures: "Textes parall èlles" (= Textes No 1-8: Siracide 8, 8-9 - Matthieu 25,31-46 - Luc 6,46-49 274 RHETORICA & Bukhâri, Sahih, 2, 33; 3, 20; 23, 93 bis; 24, 26) et "Textes concentriques" (= Textes No 9-14: Psaume 67 - Proverbes 9, 1-18 - Luc 11, 1-54 & Muslim, Sahih 18 - Bukhâri, Sahih, 1,1 & 1, 6). La IIIe partie, consacrée aux "Bilan et perspectives" (pp. 273-308), anal­ yse successivement : la "Validité de l'analyse rhétorique", ses "Situation et apports" et ses "Domaines". Des indices (réferences bibliques et textes musulmans: auteurs) et une bibliographie complètent cet important volume. Menée selon les principes de "l'analyse rhétorique" (cf. l'ouvrage théorique publié, sous ce titre, par R. Meynet en 1989), la mise en évidence des divers éléments structurels des textes choisis est riche d'enseignements et, par là, convaincante à bien des égards. Les tableaux qui "illustrent" les 14 cas-types constituent ainsi des outils pédagogiques de valeur. La dif­ ficulté majeure, ressentie par le recenseur, est l'absence, dans cet ouvrage approfondi (et rédigé par des auteurs qui sont de bons sémitisants), de toute référence au niveau des langues sémitiques elles-mêmes; en effet, les textes s. étudiés n'y sont présentés qu'en segments textuels rédigés en...

Martin Camargo The Waning of Medieval Ars Dictaminis T he five essays in this special issue grew out of papers presented at the Twelfth Biennial Conference of the Inter­ national Society for the History of Rhetoric (Amsterdam, July 1999), at the session entitled "What Killed the Ars Dictaminis? and When?" four of them ably chaired by Emil Polak. That session originated in a conversation I had with Malcolm Richardson inl997, at the previous ISHR conference, in Saskatoon. We had just discov­ ered that his research on practitioners of vernacular letter writing and mine on teachers of Latin letter writing in late-medieval Eng­ land independently suggested that in England the ars dictaminis had experienced something like what paleontologists call an "extinction event" around 1470. We wondered whether the suddenness of the demise was unique to England. Beyond that, we wondered why the most widely diffused and influential variety of practical rhetoric dur­ ing the later Middle Ages, an art that was highly teachable, adaptable to almost any institutional setting, aligned with key disciplines such as grammar and the law, should have disappeared at all. Having served the communication needs of a broad range of professionals throughout Europe since the late eleventh century, had the ars dic­ taminis simply worn itself out or had new needs arisen to which it could no longer respond? With good reason, more scholarship has focused on the origins of the ars dictaminis than on its demise. It is much simpler to identify the first medieval treatise that teaches how to compose letters than to decide which letter-writing treatise is the last in that tradition. Few of the surviving ancient treatises on rhetoric provide any explicit instruction on letters: in the Latin tradition, the brief chapter on letters that concludes the Ars rhetorica of Julius Victor (fourth century AD) is virtually unique.1 While some such pedagogy clearly existed in 5 Ed. Karl Halm, Rhetores Latini Minores (Leipzig, 1863), pp. 447-48.© The International Society for the History of Rhetoric, Rhetorica, Volume XIX, Number 2 (Spring 2001). Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St, Ste 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223, USA 1 136 RHETORICA ancient times, as it did in the early Middle Ages, the transmission of that pedagogy in textbooks, at least in the Latin West, seems to have been an invention of the late-eleventh and early twelfth centuries. By contrast, letter-writing manuals continued to be produced in great numbers through the end of the Middle Ages, throughout the Renaissance, and up to the present day Thus, to locate the "end" of the medieval tradition is to engage with all the problems attendant on drawing a clear boundary between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Not surprisingly, scholars of medieval and Renaissance epistolography and rhetoric disagree on the sharpness with which such a boundary can be drawn. The most influential proponent of an overlap between medieval ars dictaminis and Renaissance humanism has been Paul O. Kristeller, who argued that a disproportionate number of the early humanists made their living as practitioners and even teachers of the ars dictaminis.2 Their humanistic interests were distinct from their professional duties, and they saw no conflict between writing letters that followed the rules of dictamen in their public capacity even as they imitated the familiar letters of Cicero when writing to their fellow humanists. In a series of important articles and a recent book, Ronald Witt has done more than anyone to develop and extend Kris­ teller's insight, documenting the gradual displacement of medieval dictamen at all levels of letter writing, a process that was not com­ pleted in Italy before the end of the fifteenth century.3 Most scholars agree that medieval practices coexisted with the new learning for a long time. If medieval ars dictaminis did eventually "die", it generally did not do so in the way implied by the title of the original conference session: hence I have adapted the title of Johann Huizinga's famous book in order to describe more accurately the picture that emerges from the papers published here. In attempting to trace and explain the...

128 RHETORICA not place Isocrates neatly in his category of epideictic. Again, Walker's sub­ tle argument that the Ciceronian ideal eloquence draws on the "epideictic registers" (p. 83) ignores many of Cicero's own quite dismissive remarks concerning epideictic or demonstrative oratory Others may have reservations similar to these concerning Walker's reconstruction of the enthymeme, but will find it difficult not to admire his patience in testing the concept in his readings of the archaic poets. And these observations do not diminish the value of this very ambitious and challenging book. Walker's revitalization of "epideictic" should provoke greater scrutiny of the ancient understandings of that category. His blurring the traditional boundaries separating rhetoric from poetics is both innovative and cogent. The "rhetorical poetics" he proposes will no doubt be profitably applied in the study of lyric forms from many cultures subsequent to that of archaic Greece. Richard Graff University ofMinnesota Martin Camargo ed., Medieval Rhetorics of Prose Composition: Five English "Artes Dictandi" and their Tradition, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies 115, (Binghamton, NY: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, 1995), xiv + 257 pp. In studying the history of letter-writing in the medieval culture of Eng­ land, Martin Camargo has made a pioneering achievement, the first critical editions of five treatises on epistolary composition by writers in England. Al­ though four of these works can be identified as belonging to the Late Middle Ages, they nevertheless represent a significant part of England's contribution to epistolography. Camargo's introduction, a meticulously written summary of the history of letter-writing in England from the late twelfth century to the mid-fifteenth, is a model of craftsmanship and painstaking research. Descriptions of the manuscript copies, the text, the author, and the struc­ ture and contents of the work in outline form, where appropriate, precede each text. Massive compilations of variant readings comprising the apparatus criticus and large collections of references to sources and analogues along with comments related to meaning, syntax, and vocabulary follow each text. Rearranged as footnotes throughout each edited text, the variant readings and notes would have precluded an arduous task for the reader who must constantly be turning pages. The carefully edited texts presented in chronological sequence begin with Libellus de arte dictandi rhetorice by Peter of Blois, the earliest treatise on letter-writing produced in England and found only in Cambridge University Library MS. Dd 9 38. This study should contain the last reference to the Reviews 129 uncertainty of Peter's authorship, as it has recently been shown that Peter of Blois was the author of this work. An edition of the prologue in Migne, PL. 207, cols. 1127-1128 is not mentioned. The second text is Compilacio de arte dictandi by John of Briggis, probably written in the late fourteenth century at Oxford, which survives in one copy in Bodleian Library MS. Douce 52. The next text is Formula moderni et usitati dictaminis, written c. 1390 by Thomas Marke, of which the most preferred copy is in Lincoln Cathedral Library MS. 237. Although a copy found in Newberry Library MS. 55 is described, Paul Saenger's A Catalogue of the Pre-1500 Western Manuscript Books ...(Chicago and London, 1989) pp. 96-97 is not cited. The fourth text is Modus dictandiby Thomas Sampson, who taught at Oxford in the second half of the fourteenth century. One complete copy is found in British Library MS. Royal 17 B XLVII. An omitted study is J. I. Catto and T. A. R. Evans, The History ofthe University of Oxford, II, pp. 524-526. The final text is the anonymous Regina sedens Rhetorica, found in three manuscripts, the fullest text of which is in British Library MS. Royal 10 B IX. By way of suggestion and not criticism, a more complete survey of the history of letter-writing in England should include Gervase, Abbot of Premontre, Robert Elenryson, Thomas Hoccleve, Richard Emsay, Ralph of Fresburn, John Wethamstede, John of Latro, Richard Kendale, Joseph Meddus, John Mason, and references to anonymous treatises as found, for example, in Manchester, Chetham's Library MS. Mun. A 3 130 and Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. lat. misc. f 49. This study...

130 RHETORICA tion. Fascicule I incorrectly refers to Peter of Blois's dictaminal treatise as an abridgement of work by Bernard of Meting (p. xxxv). An appendix contains the edition of an allegorical letter from Simon O.'s Summa dictandi which concerns the authorship of Regina sedens Rhetorica . A useful Glossary of Medieval Words and Unusual Spellings with ref­ erences to standard Medieval Latin dictionaries is followed by a list of cited manuscripts, editions of primary texts, cited secondary sources, and a full and accurate index. A copy of this book should be found in the library of every student of the ars dictaminis. Emil J. Polak Queensborough Community College, The City University ofNew York Kathleen Welch, Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1999) xvii + 255 pp. The dust jacket of Electric Rhetoric sports a blurb from Andrea Lunsford which praises an author who "re-theorizes (and re-races, re-genders, and re­ performs) pre-Aristotelian rhetoric and then uses it to explore posthumanist literacy and rhetoric in a range of electronic spaces. In its insistent rejection of what Welch calls the 'worst' of Enlightenment, Modernist, and Postmod­ ernist values—and in its bold program for change—this book is going to make a lot of people nervous. A must read!" I open with Lunsford's remarks because they are as illuminating for what they say as for what they do not say. Welch's book is not a "program" but a polemic for change which, by the author's own avowal, seeks to "redirect inquiry" and raise more questions than it answers (p. 9). Welch does so handily in six chapters housed in two parts, "Classical Greek Literacy and the Spoken Word" and "Logos Perform­ ers, Screen Sophism, and the Rhetorical Turn", followed by an "Appendix: Excerpt from the Origin Myth ofAcoma and Other Records". In Chapter 1, "Introduction: Screen Literacy in Rhetoric and Composi­ tion Studies", she opens with the captivating image of the television screen which, for better or for worse, is ubiquitous in "locations of power as well as of powerlessness". In addition to contrasting it effectively with the com­ puter screen which "mostly appears in locations of power" (p. 4), Professor Welch vows to rouse humanities scholars from what she condemns through­ out as their utter refusal to acknowledge and rethink the massive cultural changes which attend the universal sign system of video. Of no surprise to those familiar with her prior excellent contributions to the history and theory of rhetoric and composition, she believes that that mission can best be accomplished by returning to (and revamping considerably) Isocratic rhetoric. Simply put, Electric Rhetoric proposes a holistic approach to three fundamental principles: (1) that literacy conditions "how people articulate Reviews 131 within and around their ideas, their cultures, and themselves, including their subject positions"; (2) that "any current definition of literacy must account for changes in consciousness or mentalité"; and (3) that literacy "depends on social constructions (including [sic] gender and racial constructions) that give value to some writing and speaking activities and that devalue others" (pp. 7-8). Chapter 2, "An Isocratic Literacy Theory: An Alternative Rhetoric of Oral/Aural Articulation", provides the forum for Welch's endeavor to re­ cover Isocrates. Praising his recognition of the dependence between articu­ lation and thought and his emphasis on aptitude vs. native ability (p. 51), she simultaneously vilifies his rhetoric, which "reveals for us strikingly one of the hideous aspects of classical rhetoric: it appears to erase women or to victimize us. This erasure works hand in hand with Isocrates's agenda of imperialism, an intolerance, a dehumanizing of Others, for which he must be held accountable" (p. 49). Our job, then, as readers of Electric Rhetoric, is to hold the past accountable. The main thrust of Chapter 3, "Disciplining Isocrates", is to dismantle "the Great Man theory of history writing, with some token women thrown in the same underlying theoretical structure" (pp. 82-83). It contains some fascinating readings of the Antidosis, notably the dancing bear episode and its link to learning ability. What is not clear, however, is why "Isocrates's biggest problem lies in his and...

Reviews Jeffrey Walker, Rhetoric and Poetics in Antiquity (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), xii + 396 pp. In this lengthy, densely argued volume, Jeffrey Walker engages two particularly contentious issues in the history of rhetoric, offering a novel reconstruction of rhetoric's origins and a revised account of the relation­ ship between rhetoric and poetics in Classical Greece and Rome. This dual focus is reflected in the organization of the study. Parts I and II (ch. 1-4) concentrate primarily on a reading of the rhetorical tradition originating in pre-Aristotelian sources and extending to the "second sophistic" of im­ perial Rome. In Parts III and IV (ch. 5-11), Walker uncovers the rhetorical dimensions of archaic Greek poetry and then traces the tension between grammatical and rhetorical elements in the major (and several minor) Greek and Latin poetic theories. In the first two chapters, Walker advances three claims that are defended at length in the remainder of the book: (1) that the distinction between rhetoric and poetics featured in the standard histories is illusory and has resulted in distorted characterizations of both arts; (2) that the fundamental or "primary" manifestation of rhetorical art is not deliberative or forensic oratory, but rather the various verse and prose forms of epideictic discourse; (3) that accounts of rhetoric's periodic decline in the face of restricted op­ portunities for "practical", political oratory neglect the vital socio-political significance assumed by epideictic eloquence in nearly all periods. Cen­ tral to Walker's argument, then, is an expanded conception of "epideictic". Developing an insight of Chaim Perelman, Walker rejects the traditional characterization of epideictic as a decorative genre, simple entertainment or "mere display", and attributes to it broad suasive and ideological functions: epideictic, for Walker, is "that which shapes and cultivates the basic codes of value and belief by which a society or culture lives" (p. 9). Thus conceived, the epideictic category cuts across the prose-poetry divide, as Walker would include much poetry—including archaic lyric poetry—within it. This enlarged conception of epideictic enables Walker to locate the ori­ gins of rhetoric in discourse practices that predate by centuries the theoretical conceptualization of the art of persuasive oratorical speech (this is the thrust of ch. 2). In this respect, Walker's study represents a healthy alternative to the recent work of scholars such as Thomas Cole and Edward Schiappa which identifies the "birth" of rhetoric with the fourth-century advent of a prop­ erly technical and theoretical vocabulary or "metalanguage". If Walker's 125 126 RHETORICA redescription of epideictic gives grounds for rejecting the narrow concep­ tion of rhetoric offered by Cole and Schiappa, it also confounds the wellknown distinction between "primary" and "secondary" rhetoric. In George Kennedy's formulation, primary rhetoric is associated with practical oratory, with speeches delivered orally in deliberative and forensic settings. This for­ mulation encourages epideictic's treatment as secondary, textual, literary and aesthetic. Walker reverses this narrative and the impoverished notion of epideictic it inscribes: "the epideiktikon is the rhetoric of belief and desire; the pragmatikon [dikanic and demegoric genres] the rhetoric of practical civic business...that necessarily depends on and appeals to the beliefs/desires that epideictic cultivates" (p. 10). Viewed in this frame, epideictic becomes "the 'primary' or central form of rhetoric" while deliberative and forensic speeches are derivative, applied forms of a more general logon techne (p. 41). In Part II (ch. 3-4), Walker considers the fortunes of rhetoric in the Hel­ lenistic and Roman imperial periods. Opposing the traditional characteriza­ tion of these periods as marking rhetoric's decadence and decline, Walker offers a more complicated narrative of a competition between two relatively distinct rhetorical traditions. The first version is that founded by the early sophists and given fullest expression in Isocrates' logdn paidea; it stresses the broad, culture-shaping function of poetic-epideictic eloquence. This tradi­ tion, Walker contends, is preserved in the fragments of Theophrastus and in later authors as diverse as Demetrius, Hermagoras, Dionysius, and Cicero (in De oratore). The second version of rhetoric is more narrow and technical, and by the late Hellenistic period focused almost exclusively on the practice of judicial oratory. This is...

In writing The Anatomy of Melancholy Robert Burton was working within the system of classical rhetoric as revived in the Renaissance, specifically the epideictic genus. A juxtaposition of the topics, arguments, and tripartite form employed by Burton with the treatment of epideictic in Aristotle’s Rhetoric, as well as with aspects of the Roman and Hellenistic rhetorical traditions, shows how Burton has playfully adapted Renaissance conceptions of epideictic rhetoric for encyclopaedic, satirical, and self-expressive purposes. The function of rhetoric in the Anatomy is both to ‘dissect’ the corpus of knowledge about melancholy and to ‘show forth’ the author’s own melancholic condition.

Reviews 459 Hésiode se trouvent souvent éclipsés par J.-P. Vemant et J. Svenbro, qui en viennent à constituer alors, bien malgré eux, une sorte de vulgate critique nommée de façon très caricaturale "la critique contemporaine". Toutefois, si l'on donne à cette étude un enjeu plus actuel, suggéré par l’auteur lui-même, lequel prétend rendre une profondeur historique aux sciences de la communication et ainsi leur permettre d’assurer leur propre identité (p. 22), on lui reconnaîtra le mérite de constituer les débuts de la rhétorique grecque comme objet d’investigation moderne et non pas, comme c’est en général le cas dans les travaux de néorhétorique ou de néosophistique consacrés à cette question, comme simple instrument d’une théorie moderne de la communication. Dès lors, antiquisants et spécialistes de communication pourront tirer profit de cette perspective "ethno-logique", qui leur fournit de très stimulants sujets de collaboration. Marie-Pierre Noël Université de Paris-Sorbonne Volkhar Wels, Triviale Künste. Die humanistische Reform der grammatischen, dialektischen und rhetorischen Ausbildung an der Wende zum 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin: Weidler Buchverlag, 2000) Studium Litterarum. Studien und Texte zur deutschen Literaturgeschichte, Bd. 1, 332 pp. Une couverture un peu terne, une mise en page correcte, mais peu appétissante 03 et un contenu clair, concis, remarquablement complet. La synthèse offerte par Volkhard Wels offre non seulement un exposé très bien articulé de la réforme spectaculaire du trivium aux XVe et XVIe siècles, mais aussi une abondante bibliographie recensant les études les plus récentes sur une matière souvent difficile. Une bonne nouvelle, en somme, pour les chercheurs chevronnés comme pour les étudiants. Le livre de Wels inaugure une nouvelle collection, destinée tout d’abord au public allemand. Axé sur la réforme pédagogique 460 RHETORICA en Allemagne au XVIe siècle, il prend partout en considération le contexte international. L'auteur a fait une sélection parfaitement justifiée dans la masse des textes qui s'offrent au chercheur qui aborde l'humanisme. Traitant en particulier de Valla, d'Agricola, d'Érasme, de Vivès, il offre des citations toujours choisies en fonction de son propos général, qui est de montrer la nouvelle articulation des artes sermocinales effectuée à cette époque, réponse pédagogique à une nouvelle conception du langage. Le noyau de l'ouvrage est constitué par l'oeuvre du Praeceptor Germaniae, Philippe Melanchthon, ami et allié de Martin Luther. Sans négliger les premières versions des oeuvres rhétoriques et logiques du dernier, l'auteur fonde ses analyses en priorité sur les Elementa rhetorices (1531) et les Erotemata dialectices (1547). Consacrant la partie finale de son ouvrage à l'application pratique des préceptes, l'auteur se montre réceptif à l'essence du message humaniste, selon lequel la théorie n'a de valeur que dans la mesure où elle mène à l'analyse et à la composition du discours. La conception humaniste du langage s'est développée à travers la contestation de la pédagogie "scolastique". Voüà pourquoi l'ouvrage de Wels s'amorce avec le célèbre échange épistolaire entre Hermolao Barbaro et Pic de la Mirándole, repris à nouveaux frais par un élève de Melanchthon, Franz Burchard. Ce débat fondamental sert de leitmotiv à l'auteur, qui l'exploite habilement comme élément structurant de son étude. La lettre de Burchard revient ainsi pour assurer une articulation souple entre l'examen de la grammaire et celui de la dialectique humanistes, et encore vers la fin, où est cité un beau passage dans lequel Burchard illustre l'utilité et le pouvoir de l'éloquence en la rapprochant de la peinture (CR, IX, 692). La construction limpide de l'ouvrage moderne réfléchit de la sorte l'enseignement rhétorique de son protagoniste: on sait quelle importance Melanchthon accordait à la clarté de l'exposé et à la structuration transparente des textes. Le passage où sont comparées éloquence et peinture se trouve dans un chapitre récapitulatif, intitulé Die Okonomie des Triviums. Wels y montre qu...

346 RHETORICA Kennedy's standards. Still, Schiappa's book will help us continue this important conversation about rhetorical history, epistemology, and disciplinarity—a conversation that his work has been instrumental in fostering. Janet M. Atwill The University ofTennessee Anne W. Astell, Political Allegory in Late Medieval England (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), xii + 218 pp. New historicism has encouraged a generation of scholars to abandon the older critical tradition which believed that literary merit gave texts a value to which historical context was irrelevant. Believing that context illuminates aspects of writers' choices and presentations of their subjects, Anne W.Astell seeks to show that some of the best known vernacular writers, principally in Richard IPs reign—Chaucer and Gower, the anonymous author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight—composed specific commentaries on contemporary events which an informed audience would recognise as critical analysis of political behaviour. Perhaps the best way to appreciate her purpose is to start with her conclusions where she summarised what she has attempted to argue. Earlier attempts to read vernacular medieval texts as verbally encoded in accordance with known contemporary rules of encryption, such as acrostics, were rejected by literary critics. Astell seeks to make a flexible interpretation of code words and allusions more acceptable by providing a framework of classical rhetorical rules from Cicero, Augustine and Boethius that were sufficiently well known and clearly used to serve as the scaffolding of their allegorical explanations. Some of the allusions on which she depends are individually weak, for the likeness of the king to the sun and the intercessory role of a queen consort were commonplaces—relevant not only to Richard and Anne's behaviour but to the expected behaviour of kings and queens throughout Europe—appropriated by the writers Reviews 347 only in the sense that they represented received ideas. She strengthens her case by the use of additional references. The counsel offered is traditional but as relevant to Richard as it would be to other monarchs in a society where men who were to him overmighty subjects saw him as little more than Primus inter pares. The extent to which the usual topoi of poems providing a "mirror for princes" is focused on the particular problems of Richard's reign would be assisted by a brief indication of the basic ideological divisions between the disputants and the precision with which the writers reflect these, which seems to vary from writer to writer. The evidence that Gower was already writing from a Lancastrian standpoint in the Confessio Amantis is comparatively straightforward. Ignoring the case for Richard's right to use his prerogative and presenting his supporters as scoundrels and treasonous by drawing a dubious comparison with a classical parallel is a familiar device used by skilled lawyers presenting a partisan case. Astell's interpretation of Chaucer's Monk's and Nun's Priest's tales starts with an argument that Richard sought consciously to emulate Edward the Confessor, and Edward II, whom he sought to have canonised as a martyr, one or both of whom were referred to "in passing" before the Monk goes on to a cautionary tale of the fall of princes, some of whom died as result of their tyranny and some because of their enemies' ambitions. The Confessor's position vis a vis the coronation ceremonies, however, is hardly peculiar to Richard's coronation and its precise relevance to the Pales is not made clear. The tale of Chauntecleer the cock, a fable included in most fabular compilations, can serve various didactic ends. It is here presented as a comedy of Richard's early years in which a man susceptible to flattery and bad advice (Richard) is able to learn from mistakes. The establishment of it as an identifiable account of the peasants' revolt is a difficult trail through other literary uses of animal embodiment. Such comparatively simple allegorical instructions are easier to accept than the complex allegory by which the beheading of the Green Knight is presented as a symbol of the execution of the earl of Arundel and the whole tale as an invitation to Richard to express penitence. To start with, it requires a date after 1397, while...

Short Reviews Edward Schiappa, The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), x + 230 pp. In The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, Edward Schiappa continues his questioning of the disciplinary status of rhetoric in the Classical period. The book is divided into three sections: Reconstructing the Origins of Rhetorical Theory, Gorgias and the Disciplining of Discourse, and Fourth-Century Disciplinary Efforts. In Part I, Schiappa challenges what he characterizes as a 17point , "standard account" of the history of rhetoric—with points ranging from the status of the Corax and Tisias story to the origins and uses of ρητορική. For the most part, George Kennedy is the author of the account Schiappa challenges, and these first chapters interrogate Kennedy's timeline as well as his categories of "traditional," "technical," and "philosophical" rhetorics. This section recapitulates Schiappa's well-known argument that Plato was responsible for coining the term ρητορική —most likely in the early fourth century BCE. By Schiappa's account, this "coining" was "a watershed event in the history of conceptualized Rhetoric in ancient Greece" (p. 23). Specifically, Schiappa maintains that before ρητορική was coined the "verbal arts" were "understood as less differentiated and more holistic in scope", and they did "not draw a sharp line between the goals of seeking success and seeking truth" (p. 23). Part I includes Schiappa's direct response to critics of his ρητορική argument. In Chapter Two, he draws on theorists from Kenneth Burke and Ferdinand de Saussure to Benjamin Lee Whorf and Michel Foucault to defend the significance of the act of naming that Schiappa maintains is embodied in the coining of ρητορική (pp. 23-28). Chapter Four includes a sharp critique of the ideological uses of the term "Sophistic rhetoric", in which Schiappa challenges the "wishful thinking" of those who "over-romanticize the relationship between 'the Sophists' and Athenian democracy" .343 344 RHETORICA (p. 55). He is particularly hard on those whom he accuses of sacrificing historiographical method to ideological theory construction—a practice that he argues leads to the problem of anachronism (p. 61). Part II consists of "three studies". The first study, large portions of which were previously published in Pre/Text, examines Gorgias's style. The second study, "Rereading Gorgias's Helen", picks up more explicitly the disciplinary concerns of Part I, as Schiappa argues that "certain persistent questions about Gorgias's Helen obtain different answers once the speech is repositioned as a predisciplinary text" (p. 115). More specifically, Schiappa maintains that "Gorgias significantly influenced the early theoretical articulation of the discipline of Rhetoric by theorizing about the workings of persuasive discourse" (p. 131). In the last study, Schiappa focuses on Gorgias's "On Not Being", examining the ways in which disciplinary senses of philosophy and rhetoric have influenced interpretations and evaluations of this muchdebated text. Like Part II, Part III consists of "three studies". The first chapter of this section examines early uses of the terms ρητορεία ("oratory") and ρητορεύειν ("to orate"). Schiappa's general argument is that the terms "were not used often or consistently enough" to justify the sense of disciplinarity stability conveyed when they are translated as "rhetoric" (p. 160). The next chapter, "Isocrates's Philosophia", attempts to define Isocrates's sense of the art of discourse, particularly as it contrasts with Plato's concept of "philosophy". This chapter has—somewhat surprisingly—a second function: "to provide a reading of Isocrates that attempts to locate him as one of the first philosophers in Western history to address the concerns that we now identify with Pragmatism" (p. 162). Part III concludes with a chapter co-authored with David Timmerman that addresses the motivations for and implications of the diverse forms of discourse Aristotle classified as "epideictic". Schiappa's arguments have yielded invaluable insights into some of the most recalcitrant debates in the history of rhetoric—in particular, the ancient contest between rhetoric and philosophy. I found that the structure of The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece sometimes obscured rather than foregrounded the significance of these insights. As Schiappa acknowledges in the Reviews 345 Preface, portions of the book have appeared in books and journal articles. The result is sometimes redundant as opposed to...

This short paper will sketch the twilight years of Greek rhetorics, roughly from 1500 until just after the Greek War of Independence. This is an area that, like much else in neo-Greek intellectual history, has been sadly ignored in “Western” scholarship. Greek scholars played an important part in the reception of the works of Hermogenes, Longinus, and pseudo-Demetrius in the mid- and late-sixteenth century. But other Greek teachers and scholars at the College of St. Athanasius in Rome, at the University of Padua, at the Flanginian Academy in Venice, and at schools in Bucharest, Jannina, and Constantinople itself continued to add to those traditions with numerous school texts, homiletic handbooks, and some interesting philosophical treatments of rhetoric. Their names (Korydaleus, Skoufos, Mavrokordates, Damodos, and many others) are unknown to most students of the history of rhetoric—a situation this paper will try in its small way to change.

352 RHETORICA Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Figures in Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), xiv + 234 pp. The title of this work well represents the focus of the book, but it fails to convey the breadth of content it contains. Jeanne Fahnestock's book displays a range of erudition not only in the history of science but in the history of rhetoric as well. Unlike other studies that have treated the use of metaphors and analogy in scientific literature, this one reveals the work of some little marked but ubiquitous figures of speech in many classic and modem texts in science. Fahnestock's aim, however, is not just to show the way in which these figures have influenced the turn of scientific thought, or have structured its expression, but she seeks to illuminate the nature of rhetorical figures themselves. The book claims that certain figures are actually condensed lines of argument and that they appear in all kinds of discourse. She selects for close study five figures of particular importance to scientific reasoning: antithesis, gradatio, incrementum, antimetabole, ploche, and poliptoton. These are looked at systematically, with historical accounts and illustrations of each, followed by well-developed examples of their use in a coherent topical, not chronological, order. Throughout the work Fahnestock has also included visual representations that bear witness to the structural figuration behind them. The first chapter of the book alone, "The Figures as Epitomes", should prove invaluable to historians and teachers of rhetoric and literature. Fahnestock first clarifies the confusing categories of tropes, schemes, figures of diction and thought. Next she examines leading theories of figuration: figures are departures from "normal" or "typical" word use; figures ornament or embellish, adding emotion, force, charm. Figures may do all of these things, she says, but essentially they are composites a "formal embodiment of certain ideational or persuasive functions" (p. 23). She defines them as "an identifiable convergence, felicity, or synergy of form and content" (p. 38). As such the most useful approach to the figures is to look at their function. Accordingly, she examines the function of the figures mentioned above to condense or epitomize lines of argument. The key to the figural epitome lies in the topics, Reviews 353 lines of argument best described in Aristotle's Topics and Rhetoric, which he identified as common ways of reasoning. In the second chapter on antithesis, a figure based on the topic of opposites, the author explores a variety of scientific examples, including Bacon's tables of absence and presence and Darwin's examination of emotion in man and animals. The figures of series incrementum and gradatio, described in the third chapter, she explains as products of the dialectical topic of property when considered from the standpoint of the more and the less and similarities. In the scientific illustrations for the chapter, the figures are shown to be constitutive of both thought and expression. The author suggests a continuity between the rhetorical series and mathematical series, illustrating this with Newton's discussion of motion and later theories in astronomy. The subject of chapter four, antimetabole, another figure which epitomizes arguments from property, displays repeated terms in two cola, the second of which reverses the grammatical and syntactic order of the first ("Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"). Although this figure has not been consistently stressed in stylistic discussions over the years, Fahnestock sees it as having given scientists an especially fertile tactic of conceptual reversal. Newton in mechanics, Farraday and Joseph Henry in electromagnetism, Lamarck and Lewontin in theories of evolution, all furnish examples of the figure's usefulness. The final chapter on ploche and poliptoton introduces figures of repetition, probably unfamiliar to most readers. Pioche, described as "perfect repetition", is a word woven into a discourse in the same, or at times, in a different, sense. The second figure, polyptoton, appearing in highly inflected languages more frequently than in English, repeats a word but does so in a different grammatical case. In a dazzling account of the history of writings on electricity, the author documents the grammatical shifts that occur as experimenters begin to understand its nature. First a...

La descripción de lugares, regulada por los modèles y normas de las grandes obras de oratoria de la Antigüedad y por los manuales de progymnasmata, dio lugar en el siglo III a un tratado de importancia, el del rétor Menandro sobre la composition de alabanzas y dedicado en gran parte a la descripción y encomio de países y cuidades. Un análisis de la “Instructión y memoria de las relaciones que se han de hacer para la descriptión de las Indias”, cuestionario publicado por la corona española a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, y usado como patrón en la confectión de las Relaciones Geográficas de Indias, pone de manifiesto la presencia del tratado de Menandro en la elaboration del cuestionario. El articulo se completa con resúmenes de los contedidos de la obra de Menandro y de la “Instructión y memoria”, y una pequeña antología de textos retóricos españoles sobre la descriptión de lugares.

Modern rhetorical theory suggests that epideictic creates and sustains values by addressing issues of legitimacy, inclusion, exclusion, and virtue. By focusing on the epideictic dimension in Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, this paper explores Paul’s efforts to form an emerging Christian community that at once identified with its Judaic roots and yet dissociated itself from a conservative sect of Jewish Christians, who were attempting to colonize the young Galatian churches.

This article examines the way in which the classical rhetorical tradition inspired John Quincy Adams’s public life. While rhetorical scholars have probed Adams’s role as Harvard’s first Boylston Professor of Rhetoric, they have not appreciated how the classical tradition in general, and Ciceronian rhetoric in particular, influenced his political career. Social scientists, on the other hand, have studied Adams’s impact on Antebellum America but have not appreciated how his life-long devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. John Quincy Adams remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of the idiosyncratic positions that Adams adopted over the course of his long career are explicated by considering his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator “speaking well” to promote the welfare of the polis.

Reviews David Gribble, Alcibiades and Athens: A Study in Literary Presentation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999) ix + 304pp. Yet another biography of Alcibiades? Well, no. This is a study of Alcibiades' bios, the way he lived his life and how the ancient sources portray it, set against the background of Greek attitudes towards the relationship between the individual and the city. Building on the work of scholars such as Christopher Gill and his own supervisor, Christopher Pelling, Gribble begins in the introduction with a discussion of what we should understand by the term "individual" in the Greek context and the type of individuality into which Alcibiades falls ("the empowered, confident, assertive individual, possessing the power to make moral choice, and endowed with status: the citizen. Contrast the repressed and powerless person, the subject", p. 7). But Alcibiades, like the heroes of the Iliad and Themistocles, is a "great individual", superlative rather than unique and with superlative status, and this puts him in some ways outside his society and a danger to it. The great individual's love of honour (philotimia) leads him into conflict with his community, and the key qualities of his phusis (nature) are excellently examined by Gribble with reference to the philosophical discussions of Plato and Aristotle. In the first part of chapter 1 Gribble discusses the Alcibiades tradition, which he divides into three stages. In the fifth and early fourth centuries attitudes towards Alcibiades were polarised—to his supporters he was the supreme citizen, to his opponents he was a dangerous threat to the polis. By the later fourth century, when he was no longer a live issue, an ambivalent portrayal of Alcibiades was developing, as writers like Demosther es looked back to the great days of the Athenian empire and noted both Alcibiades' hybris and his public achievements. Socratic writings emphasised his moral development or degeneration, and as the 217 218 RHETORICA tradition entered its third stage in the Hellenistic period moral anecdotes came to predominate, while the political (and "factual") side of Alcibiades' life became less important. It will have been in this period that Alcibiades' later role as a favourite topic of declamation had its origins, though the rhetorical texts, with one possible exception (see on [Andocides] 4 below), are lost. In the second part of this chapter Gribble examines the relationship between the élite individual and the democratic city in terms of conspicuous public expenditure (on liturgies and the pan-Hellenic games), contacts with the élite of other cities (through guestfriendship and marriage) and private luxury spending; and this leads to a discussion of Alcibiades' relationship with Athens in four key areas: his betrayal of the city as a result of tension between personal and civic values, his participation at the Olympics of 416, his uncontrolled behaviour concerning bodily pleasures and his foreign contacts. Gribble's analysis here is perceptive and persuasive, bringing out out well the kinds of behaviour which enabled élite individuals to gain power, but at the same time put them outside the norms of the democratic city and so undermined them. After this excellent general discussion of the portrayal of Alcibiades' relationship with the city, Gribble moves on to more detailed study of the sources. Separate chapters on the rhetorical works, Thucydides, and Plato and the Socratics are followed by a concluding chapter on Plutarch's Life ofAlcibiades. Gribble analysis of the trials of Alcibiades' son in the 390s and the speeches connected with them (Isocrates 16, Lysias 14 and 15) is invaluable, especially the discussion of the intertextual relationship between Isocrates 16 and Lysias 14. Gribble argues convincingly that Lysias 14 represents closely the speech delivered at the trial, whereas the encomium of Alcibiades in Isocrates 16 raises suspicions of later editing. In Part B of this chapter Gribble brings [Andocides] 4 and the speeches of Alcibiades in Thucydides into a full discussion of the competing rhetorical presentations of Alcibiades' position with regard to Athens, his patriotism and treachery. He is surely correct to argue that [Andocides] 4 is a later composition, and makes a strong case for a Hellenistic dating (he might have considered the stylistic argument against Andocidean authorship; see, for example, my summary of S...

220 RHETORICA through the Life; and he goes on to consider the differences between the accounts of Plutarch and Thucydides, partly due to the approach of biographer and historian, but more importantly stemming from Plutarch's more complex view of Alcibiades' relationship with the city. But if the Life has a schema based on Alcibiades' ambition, "linking the key traits-4iybris, dissolution, philotimia, adaptability, demogogy—into a single comprehensive character" (p. 282), at the end it returns to the theme of inconsistency— was Alcibiades' murder occasioned by political (order by Lysander to prevent his return) or moral (he seduced a local girl) considerations? And, like Plutarch, Gribble ends appropriately by submitting to the elusiveness of his subject. In conclusion, Gribble's book is a major contribution to the study both of Alcibiades and more generally of the role of the individual in the ancient city and in classical texts. It is a complex and comprehensive work to which a short review can hardly do justice, and I thoroughly recommend it. Michael J Edwards Queen Mary and Westfield College.University ofLondon Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1593): Historisch-kritische Einleitung, Transkription und Kommentar von Beate-Maria Koll (Frankfurt a. M.: Lang, 1996), clxvi + 260 pp. Die vorliegende Ausgabe erfüllt ein lang erwartetes Desiderat der Rhetorikforschung. B.-M. Koll hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, fiber eine der elaboriertesten Figurenlehren der englischen Renaissance, Henry Peachams Garden of Eloquence, umfassend zu informieren. Sie tut dies gleich dreifach. Neben einer sehr grlindlichen und gelehrten historisch-kritischen Einleitung (166 S.) bietet sie die Transkription der zweiten Ausgabe von 1593 (197 S.) sowie einen Sachkommentar zu den von Peacham offen oder verdeckt benutzten Quellen (35 S.). Die Einleitung, die sich, was die Menge und Qualitàt an Information betrifft, àufierst positiv von W. G. Cranes Introduction Reviews 221 zur Facsimile-Ausgabe von 1954 unterscheidet, bringt neben einem komprimierten Forschungsbericht Details zu Biographie und Editionen sowie einer rhetorischen Analyse der Dedicatorie Epistle vor allem eine historisch-deskriptive Untersuchung zur Systematik der rhetorischen Figuren. Durchgángige Vergleiche zwischen den beiden Garden-Ausgaben von 1577 und 1593 sowie mit zeitgenôssischen stilistischen (J. Susenbrotus, R. Sherry), ramistischen (D. Fenner, A. Talaeus) und an Cicero orientierten (Th. Wilson) Rhetoriken sowie den üblichen antiken Autoritáten (u.a. Cicero, Quintilian, Aristóteles) verbindet Koll mit der optisch sehr leserfreundlichen Pràsentation rhetorischer Grundstrukturen durch graphische Stemmata und einer pràzisen Analyse von Peachams Kategorien der Tropes und Schemates. Sie kommt dabei zu folgenden interessanten Ergebnissen: 1. Gegenüber der Erstausgabe weist die Z93-Ausgabe insgesamt einen deutlich "hôheren Strukturierungsgrad" (xliv) auf. Susenbrotus kann daher nicht mehr "als alleinige" (1) und Sherry überhaupt "nicht als Quelle" (lii) der zweiten Edition angesehen werden. 2. Die zweite Ausgabe ist keine ramistische Rhetorik, wie ôfter behauptet. So gehen z. B. "Peachams Bemühungen dahin, die Poetik aus der Rhetorik auszuschalten" (lxvii), wàhrend Talaeus diese gerade integriert. 3. Vielmehr lehnt sich Peacham "an die Konzeption der Figuristen und Traditionalisten an" (lviii), ohne allerdings "irgendeine Systematik geschlossen zu adaptieren" (lvi). 4. Peacham "integriert Inventio und Memoria funktional" (lxvi) in sein Figurensysten. Er "erstellt ein Affektsystem" (xciv); er behandelt unter den Überschriften Vse und Caution immer wieder "Aussagen über das Decorum" (cliii) und verlangt "nicht nur die Beachtung rhetorischer Tugenden, sondern auch die moralischer Normen." (clvii) Seine wiederholten Wamungen vor moglichem Mifibrauch, die auf christliche Moralvorstellungen rekurrieren, sind innerhalb der Rhetorikhandbücher seiner Zeit "einzigartig" (clviii). Daher fállt Peachams Garden von 1593 keinesfalls unter die Kategorie der reinen stilistischen Figurenkompilation. 5. Originalitât beweist Peacham auch bei der Behandlung "seltener rhetorischer Figuren" (cxvi), die "keiner 222 RHETORICA zeitgenôssischen englischen oder lateinischen Rhetorik" (cxviii) entstammen, bei der durchgàngigen "forcierten Verwendung von Vergleichen und Metaphem", die ebenfalls nirgendwo "eine Parallèle" (cxxxiii) in seiner Zeit finden, sowie bei seiner ausgefeilten Exemplifizierungstechnik (Bibel, klassische Autoren, Sprichwôrter). Ihn als reinen "Kopisten" (cxxxiii) oder "Plagiator" (cxliii) zu bezeichnen, ein weiteres Vorurteil der Sekundàrliteratur, verbietet sich daher von selbst. Insgesamt kommt Koll zu dem Schlufi, dafi Peachams "Konzeption von Rhetorik christlich-humanistisch zu nennen ist" (clxv). Bei allem— nicht nur—für die damalige Zeit typischem Eklektizismus hat er so viel neues Gedankengut zu bieten...

Abstract: On Style, written by a certain Demetrius probably in the first century B.C., is an important witness to the rhetorical education of the third/second centuries B.C. It is a matter of long scholarly debate whether Demetrius intended his treatise to be a handbook of rhetoric or a work of literary criticism. Here it is argued that the public Demetrius writes his book for are pupils who have done the preliminary courses in rhetoric and have leamt to write progymnasmata. They now enter the final course on rhetoric and will compose the more difficult exercises, commonly termed declamationes.

Abstract: Recent scholarship argues that Anglo-Saxon rhetorical strategies derive from an extended grammatical curriculum such as the praeexercitamina, an argument which complements the trend to rehabilitate our understanding of the Anglo-Saxons, from the romantic notion that they were bound to native conventions to one which recognizes their acquisition and application of Latin learning. This paper extends these arguments by seeking to show that elements of the progymnasmata, on which the praeexercitamina are based, seem to inform the invention and arrangement of material in the “Hunfer]) Episode” of Beowulf.

Research Article| February 01 2000 Short Reviews: Plato's Sophist, by Martin Heidegger, Chaucer and the Trivium: The Mindsong of the Canterbury Tales, by J. Stephen Russell, Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters, by Lynne Magnusson, “We Are Coming”: The Persuasive Discourse of Nineteenth-Century Black Women, by Shirley Wilson Logan and Critiques of Knowing: Situated Textualities in Science, Computing, and the Arts, by Lynette Hunter Martin Heidegger,Plato's Sophist, trans. Richard Rojcewicz and AndréSchuwer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), xxvii + 476 pp.J. Stephen Russell,Chaucer and the Trivium: The Mindsong of the Canterbury Tales (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998), x + 266 pp.Lynne Magnusson,Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), x + 221 pp.Shirley Wilson Logan,“We Are Coming”: The Persuasive Discourse of Nineteenth-Century Black Women (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999), 255 pp.Lynette Hunter,Critiques of Knowing: Situated Textualities in Science, Computing, and the Arts (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), vi + 239 pp. Michael J. MacDonald, Michael J. MacDonald Department of English, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 South Morgan Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7120, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Anne Laskaya, Anne Laskaya Department of English, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Judith Rice Henderson, Judith Rice Henderson Department of English, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon SK S7N 5A5, Canada Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jacqueline Jones Royster, Jacqueline Jones Royster Department of English, The Ohio State University, 421 Denney Hall, 164 West 17th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43202, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar C. Jan Swearingen C. Jan Swearingen Texas A & M University Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (2000) 18 (1): 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.1.103 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Michael J. MacDonald, Anne Laskaya, Judith Rice Henderson, Jacqueline Jones Royster, C. Jan Swearingen; Short Reviews: Plato's Sophist, by Martin Heidegger, Chaucer and the Trivium: The Mindsong of the Canterbury Tales, by J. Stephen Russell, Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters, by Lynne Magnusson, “We Are Coming”: The Persuasive Discourse of Nineteenth-Century Black Women, by Shirley Wilson Logan and Critiques of Knowing: Situated Textualities in Science, Computing, and the Arts, by Lynette Hunter. Rhetorica 1 February 2000; 18 (1): 103–117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.2000.18.1.103 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2000, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric2000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

RHETORICA 106 J. Stephen Russell, Chaucer and the Trivium: The Mindsong of the Canterbury Tales (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998), x + 266 pp. Although he acknowledges the veil of time hiding the exact nature and extent of Chaucer's education from us, J. Stephen Russell argues that the curriculum of late medieval grammar schools, the trivium (grammar, dialectic, rhetoric), thoroughly influenced and shaped die Canterbury Tales. Establishing his key assumptions early on, Russell claims that Chaucer usually relied on accessus, florilegia, and other scribally-mediated collections of classical and medieval authors rather than full texts, and consequently that Chaucer's citations of specific auctores, texts, and terms does not prove that he knew them well. Russell assumes the grammar school curriculum was Chaucer's only formal education and objects to some current, grander claims about Chaucer's knowledge of philosophy or theology. Chaucer, for example, "may have known Ralph Strode, but Strode did not teach Chaucer the Summa Logicae over dessert" (p. 8). Such claims raise questions about what limits we might want or need to place on Chaucer's capabilities, and they raise questions about how extensively we can argue for a culture's ability to write itself into individual texts. Russell does not, however, explore these issues; instead, he focuses on the trivium specifically and explores ways it shapes the Canterbury Tales. The primary value of his study is to reassert the crucial importance of medieval rhetoric and literacy studies for any reading of Chaucer. Russell provides an overview of the trivium in his first chapter, "A Medieval Education and Its Implications". Grounded in Latin grammar and readings, the curriculum taught children a "subliminal lesson that Latin was purity and precision, the vernacular chaos and compromise" (p. 11). Elements of the school curriculum that addressed dialectic or logic posited a basic model of human cognition: the agens intellectus "recognizes" objects perceived through the senses; the intellectus passivus "cogitates" on those objects. Students learned that a universal, "mental" language exists that is capable of perceiving truth but that our Reviews 107 language of actual communication in the world, "natural" language, is always inadequate and inferior to ideas. (Here some might object to Russell's simplifications of the models or to his use of more obscure semanticists like the Modistae.) In this chapter, Russell stresses the importance of the Tree of Porphyry, Aristotle's Categories, and supposition theory; together, these created taxonomies and produced particular kinds of thought patterns in students. Russell subsequently traces the influence of this curriculum on Chaucer's work, preferring to locate ré­ inscriptions rather than refusals of these models. In the General Prologue, Chaucer the pilgrim-narrator uses the Aristotle's ten categories as the groundwork for his observations. Beginning with a careful study of Chaucer's grammar, Russell develops a brilliant explication of the conceptual structure of the General Prologue: "each successive verbal act, each step in the dance of predication, involves the ubiquitous decision Quid est? and the answer to that question, Chaucer knew, is always a pas de deux between the object and the predicator, the other and the self" (p. 96). As the Chaucer the observant pilgrim "falls" into language, negotiating tensions between ideal human types and the rather motley crew before him, he cannot sustain Aristotelian formality. His own passions begin to show, and a "slippage" occurs "from natural and accidental supposition to confused determinate supposition, reflecting the narrator's fall from objectivity and reportorial responsibility" (p. 95). For Russell the Knight's Tale focuses on issues of definition, the Man of Law's Tale on "words as commerce, apostrophe (or right coinage) and...God's jurisdiction" (p. 137). The Clerk's Tale offers Russell the opportunity to explore metaphors (i.e., Walter as "the fallen creator", Griselda as a Christ-figure), rhetorical features of narrative, and the epilogue (where the Clerk explicates his own tale). For Russell, the tale is, finally, "an abstraction, a meditation on linguistic, logical, and theological arts that is almost", but not quite "abducted from complications of authorship" (p. 173). Russell does much to establish that the Canterbury Tales "explodes into life thanks to the lessons of grammar, rhetoric, and logic" (p. 202), although...

George Campbell’s rhetorical theory is based upon a philosophical tradition that has ancient roots—common sense philosophy. Campbell’s interest in common sense emerged through his association with Scottish Enlightenment philosophers such as Thomas Reid. However, Campbell’s beliefs about the relationship between individual perception and social knowledge at the same time reveal a philosophical affinity with Aristotle and the Stoics. For Campbell, as for the ancients, common sense represents both the intuitive ability that individuals use in apprehending the reality of the external world and the shared human capacity to make necessary collective judgments. Although Campbell believes that there is objective truth that is apprehended through common sense, he at the same time perceives common sense as providing a foundation for making decisions about the contingent circumstances that people face from day to day. Campbell’s rhetoric has frequently been described as managerial, but his interest in common sense creates an epistemic function for rhetoric, as it provides the means for negotiating the principles of moral evidence in order to resolve the specific questions that arise in the life of the community.

Recent scholarship argues that Anglo-Saxon rhetorical strategies derive from an extended grammatical curriculum such as the praeexercitamina, an argument which complements the trend to rehabilitate our understanding of the Anglo-Saxons, from the romantic notion that they were bound to native conventions to one which recognizes their acquisition and application of Latin learning. This paper extends these arguments by seeking to show that elements of the progymnasmata, on which the praeexercitamina are based, seem to inform the invention and arrangement of material in the “Hunferþ Episode” of Beowulf.

On Style, written by a certain Demetrius probably in the first century B.C., is an important witness to the rhetorical education of the third/second centuries B.C. It is a matter of long scholarly debate whether Demetrius intended his treatise to be a handbook of rhetoric or a work of literary criticism. Here it is argued that the public Demetrius writes his book for are pupils who have done the preliminary courses in rhetoric and have learnt to write progymnasmata. They now enter the final course on rhetoric and will compose the more difficult exercises, commonly termed declamationes.

RHETORICA 108 General Prologue and three serious tales. Much of the comedic and fantastic is left unexplored; indeed, he writes, "I hope others will extend the discussion...I have only initiated" (p. 212). Although Russell, at times, claims rather brashly to know what Chaucer thought or didn't think, what he read or didn't read without much qualification, the edginess of his prose provokes response. His work confidently negotiates contemporary Chaucerian scholarship, solidly convincing readers that the trivium can serve as an important lens through which we can read medieval literary texts. ANNE LASKAYA University of Oregon Lynne Magnusson, Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), x + 221 pp. In Shakespeare and Social Dialogue, Lynne Magnusson accepts poststructural questioning of the unity and autonomy of the literary text and the independence of its "author" and characters but argues that this critique of formalism has unnecessarily dismissed close reading of language. She seeks to restore it by applying concepts from discourse analysis to a comparison of Renaissance correspondence and Shakespeare's dialogue. Her assumption that letters and plays come close to recording actual conversation seems a little naive, and I am not always sure whether her goal is to recover Elizabethan speech or to illuminate Shakespeare, but she largely achieves both. In place of the Aristotelian categories applied to Elizabethan letters by Frank Whigham, she builds on theories of Mikhail Bakhtin and Pierre Bourdieu, and especially the empirical research of cultural anthropologists Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson. Their model describes attempts to manage risk and save face in conversation through strategies of positive politeness (identifying participants) and negative politeness (dissociating them) that take into account their social Reviews 109 distance, their relative power, and the culture-specific ranking of impositions. As an historian of rhetoric skeptical of imposing our own theories on Renaissance texts, I am startled by how well this approach explains Elizabethan language. Magnusson's study has three parts. Part One demonstrates that gender as well as class influences social dialogue. In Henry VIII, Norfolk employs positive strategies to advise Buckingham; Katherine and Wolsey address King Henry with negative strategies of deference and indirection. The correspondence of Edmund Molyneux, Sidney family secretary, reveals the complexities of Elizabethan relationships. Philip and Robert Sidney command him, while he responds to Philip's criticisms primarily with negative strategies. Lady Mary Sidney tempers her authority over Edmund with positive strategies. Shakespeare's Sonnet 58 and others deferring to his patron are best understood in the context of these conventions. Part Two focuses on letter-writing manuals and administrative correspondence, applying its examples to Shakespeare's plays. Magnusson contrasts Desiderius Erasmus' reform of the horizontal, homosocial relations of scholars in De conscribendis epistolis with Angel Day's reproduction of Elizabethan social hierarchies in The English Secretary, which nevertheless facilitates upward mobility. William Fulwood's The Enimie of Idlenesse, a translation of a French treatise, could have unwittingly supplied hints for the linguistic pretensions of Love's Labour's Lost and A Midsummer Night's Dream. In the former play, the lords' linguistic excesses respond to imitation of their style by upstarts, while in the latter, Theseus appreciates his subjects' incompetence because bumbling shows deference. Elizabethan business depends on personal relationship: thus recommendations ignore job qualifications and requests for favors cement friendship. The Marchants Avizo of Bristol merchant John Browne advises the apprentice to seek aid from fellow merchants, adapting the courtly "pleasuring style" to the commerce. The Merchant of Venice shows the same patterns in the Christian community, but Shylock's speech challenges them, and in Timon of Athens they break down. In the personal letters by which Sir Henry Sidney, Sir William Cecil, and other courtiers administer 110 RHETORICA the Elizabethan regime, negative politeness to equals hints that the intended audience is the Queen, while expressions of "trouble­ taking" and regrets for "trouble-making" to superiors may excuse independent decisions. Positive strategies of identification present weighty requests as trivial. 1 Henry IV contrasts Hal's mastery of this social language and Hotspur's impatience with it. Part Three explores language as theme in three plays. Greenblatt's concept of self-fashioning cannot adequately explain...

Short Reviews1 Martin Heidegger, Plato's Sophist, trans. Richard Rojcewicz and André Schuwer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), xxvii + 476 pp. Reflecting on her early years as a student of philosophy at the University of Marburg, Hannah Arendt recalls how the name of a young assistant professor, Martin Heidegger, travelled across Germany like "rumours" of a "secret king". Now, with the publication of Plato's Sophist, readers of English may judge for themselves whether these lectures confirm or dispel the rumours of Heidegger as a "subterranean" king of the realms of thinking and teaching. Plato's Sophist is a faithful and readable translation of Platons Sophist, Ingeborg Schiisslers's superb reconstruction of a lecture course on the Sophist conducted by Heidegger at Marburg in the Winter semester of 1924/25 under the deceptively simple title, Interpretation Platonischer Dialog (Sophistes). Although Heidegger claims in his preliminary remarks that the phenomenological "way of seeing" follows the "pure" and "simple" way of thinking of the early Greeks, there is nothing simple about Heidegger's magisterial interpretation of the Sophist as the first radical inquiry into the question of the "meaning of Being", the guiding thread of Heidegger's own Being and Time (1927). In order to prepare the way for an understanding of the Sophist as a "scientific" dialogue, Heidegger devotes the introduction (pp. 15-155) to a detailed exposition of the doctrine of intellectual virtues set forth by Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics (VI, 2-6) and the Metaphysics (I, 1-2). Taking its point of departure in the Greek concept of truth (aletheia) as "unconcealedness" and "uncoveredness", chapter one argues that 1 The Editor and the Book Review Editor would like to apologize to Janet Atwill for the error in naming in the review of her book Rhetoric Reclaimed in Rhetorica, 17 (1999) p. 334. 103 RHETORICA 104 the intellectual virtues (episteme, techne, phronesis, sophia, and nous) represent different ways of "unconcealing" and uncovering the truth of Being. While chapter one exposes the "deficiency" of know-how (techne) and fabrication (poiesis) as ways of unveiling Being, the second and third chapters seek to establish the preeminence of sophia ("genuine insight") over phronesis ("circumspective insight") as the highest mode of "disclosive seeing". Here Heidegger argues that while phronesis concerns the "gravest" matters, the "shared world" (Mitwelt) of words and deeds in the city, sophia concerns the "highest" matters, the "ultimate principles" (archai) of Being, which reveal themselves only in the "silent speaking" of the solitary thinker. One of the most striking features of this remarkable "double preparation" for the Sophist—apart from the rigour, clarity, and sobriety of its argumentation—is the subtle process by which Heidegger purifies the concepts of practical and theoretical wisdom of any trace of sophistry. The translation of deliberation (bouleuesthai) as "circumspective self-debate", for example, seems to eliminate the plural dimension of deliberation for the Greeks: the deliberative assembly (boule), the forum of deliberative rhetoric (rhetorike symbouleutikos), becomes the "inner forum" of the call of conscience and the "silent dialogue" of the soul. Having surveyed the "thematic field" of the Sophist through an exposition of the modes of truth in the Nicomachean Ethics, Heidegger devotes the "main part" (pp. 157-422) of Plato's Sophist to a patient, almost line by line exegesis of the dialogue. Following the argument of the Eleatic Stranger "step by step", the first four chapters bring to light the inner coherence of the various apparitions of the sophist, arguing that all seven definitions converge on the art of disputation as the "unitary basic structure" of the techne sophistike. The excursus on Plato's "ambiguous" (zwiespaltige) attitude toward rhetoric in chapter three will doubtless hold the most interest for the historian of rhetoric. Here Heidegger argues that dialectics emerges from an "inner need" of Socratic philosophy to transcend the "idle chatter" of sophistry and its modes of "pretheoretical speech" (the rhetoric of the law courts, deliberative assemblies, and public festivals). Although Plato failed to achieve a "positive understanding" of rhetoric, Reviews 105 concludes Heidegger, his vision of a redeemed rhetoric as the leading of souls in the Phaedrus lays the foundation for the "concrete work" of Aristotle in the Rhetoric, the "first...

Research Article| November 01 1999 Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period, 330 B.C. - A.D. 400 Stanley E. Porter ed. Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period, 330 B.C. - A.D. 400 (Leiden: Brill, 1997) xv + 901 pp. Laurent Pernot Laurent Pernot CARRA, Université des Scinces Humaines de Strasbourg, 14, rue René Descartes, 67804 Strasbourg Cedex, France. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (1999) 17 (4): 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.1999.17.4.433 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Laurent Pernot; Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period, 330 B.C. - A.D. 400. Rhetorica 1 November 1999; 17 (4): 433–437. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.1999.17.4.433 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1999, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric1999 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Reviews Stanley E. Porter ed., Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period, 330 B.C. - A.D. 400 (Leiden: Brill, 1997) xv + 901 pp. Ce fort volume, d'une présentation typographique impeccable, se veut un ouvrage de référence sur la rhétorique antique, destiné principalement aux lecteurs anglophones. Il réunit 29 contributions, réparties en trois groupes, et toutes munies de bibliographies détaillées. La première partie (Rhetoric Defined) commence par un survol de l'histoire de la rhétorique antique confié à G. A. Kennedy: à tout seigneur tout honneur. Puis sont étudiés les grands secteurs de la doctrine: "The Genres of Rhetoric" (G. A. Kennedy), "Arrangement" (W. Wuellner), "Invention" (M. Heath), "Style" (G. O. Rowe), "Delivery and Memory" (T. O. Olbricht). Sur chacun de ces sujets, les auteurs s'efforcent de résumer les principales indications données par les théoriciens grecs et latins. On trouvera donc ici de solides aide-mémoires consacrées aux grandes divisions et classifications de la rhétorique antique. Le chapitre sur l'invention m'a paru spécialement original et éclairant, dans la mesure où il décrit le processus de Vinventio à partir d'un exemple précis et avec un grand recul méthodologique. La deuxième partie (Rhetoric in Practice) est plus curieuse. On était en droit d'attendre une étude de la pratique oratoire, parallèle à l'étude de la théorie qui fait l'objet de la première partie. Mais en réalité on a affaire à une succession de chapitres centrés sur les principaux genres littéraires et consacrés aux rapports de ces genres avec la rhétorique: "The Epistle" (J. T. Reed), "Philosophical Prose" (D. M. Schenkeveld), "Historical Prose" (S. Rebenich), "Poetry and Rhetoric" (R. Webb), "Biography" (R. A. Burridge), "Oratory and Declamation" (D. H. Berry - M. Heath), "Homily and Panegyrical Sermon" (F. Siegert), "The Rhetoric of Romance" (R. F. Hock), "Apocalyptic and 433 434 RHETORICA Prophétie Literature" (J. M. Knight), "Drama and Rhetoric" (R. Scodel). Ceci pose un problème de fond, qui mérite qu'on s'y arrête. Il suffit de lire cette liste de chapitres pour être frappé par une anomalie: "Oratory and Déclamation" est présenté comme un secteur parmi d'autres, enfoui au milieu du livre, dont les rapports avec la rhétorique ne seraient pas plus étroits que ceux de la philosophie ou du roman. En d'autres termes, le mot "rhétorique" est pris dans ce volume au sens de: théorie rhétorique, corps de doctrine, ensemble de cadres d'invention et de procédés d'écriture dont l'influence peut s'exercer sur n'importe quel texte, et par conséquent la pratique oratoire ne se voit reconnaître aucun statut particulier. L'inconvénient de cette conception est de rompre le lien très fort qui unit, dans l'Antiquité, la théorie et la pratique du discours. Pour les Grecs et les Romains, la pratique oratoire (sous ses multiples formes d'exercice scolaire et de discours public) faisait elle-même partie de la rhétorique. Il n'est donc pas surprenant que les auteurs du chapitre sur "Oratory and Déclamation" s'avouent embarrassés. Ils reconnaissent que "rhetoric" and "oratory" ont entretenu une relation essentielle, "symbiotic", tout au long de l'Antiquité (p. 393), mais se voient forcés, faute de place, de renoncer à ce qui serait le véritable sujet (une étude de l'éloquence antique), pour se contenter de brèves illustrations. Et voilà pourquoi les historiens sont plus longuement traités que les orateurs, ou la collection des Panegyrici Latini passée sous silence alors qu'on lit des pages entières sur Bion de Borysthène et Chariton, auteurs intéressants en eux-mêmes, certes, mais dont l'importance est bien moindre pour l'histoire de la rhétorique. On remarque également que la déclamation fait l'objet d'un traitement contradictoire à deux moments du livre: dans le chapitre sur "Oratory and Déclamation" (pp. 406 sqq.), il est question des rapports de la déclamation avec la rhétorique, tandis que...

Abstract: The later thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries in Italy saw a marked new interest in the study of Ciceronian rhetorical theory, in both Latin and vernacular contexts. This reflects the increasing prominence within the civic culture of the Italian communes of practices of oral and adversarial rhetoric which the dominant instrument of rhetorical instruction in this period, the ars dictaminis, was ill-equipped to teach. While the utility of the strategies of argument taught by Roman rhetorical theory was widely recognised in this period, the ethical attitudes implicit in that theory represented a challenge to prevailing Christian constructions of the moral decorum of speech. Classical rhetorical theory may thus be seen to have constituted a destabilising presence within late medieval ethical discourse: a situation which presisted, to some extent, even after the political and cultural changes of the later Trecento had displaced rhetoric in Italy from a primary to a secondary, literary and educational, role.

Research Article| August 01 1999 Short Reviews: Taming Democracy: Models of Political Rhetoric in Democratic Athens, by Harvey Yunis, Rhetoric Reclaimed: Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition, by Janet M. Atwill, Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the Roman Empire: Introduction, Text, and Translation of the Arts of Rhetoric Attributed to Anonymous Seguerianus and to Apsines of Gadara, by Mervin R. Dilts and George A. Kennedy, Language and Society in Early Modern England, by Vivian Salmon, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, by Quentin Skinner and Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, by Alan G Gross and William M. Keith Harvey Yunis,Taming Democracy: Models of Political Rhetoric in Democratic Athens (Ithaca, NY: Comell University Press, 1996) xv + 316pp.Janet M. Atwill,Rhetoric Reclaimed: Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) 265pp.Mervin R. Dilts and George A. Kennedy eds. Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the Roman Empire: Introduction, Text, and Translation of the Arts of Rhetoric Attributed to Anonymous Seguerianus and to Apsines of Gadara, Mnemosyne Supplement 168 (Leiden: E. J. Brill 1997) xxvii + 249 pp.Vivian Salmon,Language and Society in Early Modern England (The Netherlands: John Benjamfris, 1996) 276 pp.Quentin Skinner,Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) xvi + 477 pp.Alan G Gross and William M. Keith eds. Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science (Albany: SUNY Press, 1997) 371 pp. Michael Svoboda, Michael Svoboda C/O The Joanne Rockwell Memorial House, 1910 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar James Fredal, James Fredal Department of English, 164 W. 17th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar John T. Kirby, John T. Kirby Program in Comparative Literature, Purdue University, SC 1354, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Linda C. Mitchell, Linda C. Mitchell Department of English, One Washington Square, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192-0090, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Wade Williams, Wade Williams Department of English, The University of Puget Sound, 1500 North Warner, Tacoma, Washington 98416, USA Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Judy Z Segal Judy Z Segal Department of English, University of British Columbia, #397-1873 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z1, Canada Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Rhetorica (1999) 17 (3): 331–346. https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.1999.17.3.331 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Michael Svoboda, James Fredal, John T. Kirby, Linda C. Mitchell, Wade Williams, Judy Z Segal; Short Reviews: Taming Democracy: Models of Political Rhetoric in Democratic Athens, by Harvey Yunis, Rhetoric Reclaimed: Aristotle and the Liberal Arts Tradition, by Janet M. Atwill, Two Greek Rhetorical Treatises from the Roman Empire: Introduction, Text, and Translation of the Arts of Rhetoric Attributed to Anonymous Seguerianus and to Apsines of Gadara, by Mervin R. Dilts and George A. Kennedy, Language and Society in Early Modern England, by Vivian Salmon, Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes, by Quentin Skinner and Rhetorical Hermeneutics: Invention and Interpretation in the Age of Science, by Alan G Gross and William M. Keith. Rhetorica 1 August 1999; 17 (3): 331–346. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/rh.1999.17.3.331 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentRhetorica Search Copyright 1999, The International Society for the History of Rhetoric1999 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Short Reviews Harvey Yunis, Taming Democracy: Models of Political Rhetoric in Democratic Athens (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996) xv + 316pp. In methodological reflections written near the end of his career (and published in English translation as On Interpretation), the German classicist August Boeckh articulated a number of hermeneutic principles, including two very simple dicta. First, a good interpretation will explain as much of the text as possible. And, second, a good interpretation will make the text compelling on the terms of its own time. Judged on these two criteria, Taming Democracy by Harvey Yunis offers a very good interpretation of Plato on political rhetoric. Though Plato is not the only subject of Taming Democracy, he is at the center of this study of models of political rhetoric in democratic Athens: a study that runs from the theatrical responses to the Peloponnesian War of Aristophanes and Euripides, to Thucydides' self-conscious history, to Plato's evolving views, to Demosthenes' oratorical resistance to Philip of Macedon's imperial encroachments. As an interpreter of Plato on rhetoric, Yunis immediately stands out for his willingness to move beyond the two-piece puzzle posed by the Gorgias and the Phaedrus. To his interpretations of these essential dialogues Yunis adds some reflections on the Apology and the Republic and, in a nearly unprecedented move, a detailed assessment of the rhetorical theory implied by the "persuasive preambles" Plato introduces in his Laws. Looking at this larger set enables Yunis to conclude, "The philosophical distance that Plato has traveled from the bitter rejection of rhetoric in the Gorgias to the creation of a new rhetorical genre of legal-political discourse in the Laws is immense" (p. 235). Yunis then makes this philosophical journey historically compelling by setting it against the rise and fall and rise of the 331 332 RHETORICA Athenian empire. Yunis suggests that Athens' democracy depended in subtle ways on its imperial ambitions. The navy that gave the masses, the poorer classes, an important civic role to play also built for Athens an empire. And that empire brought revenues to Athens, revenues that provided the livelihoods for many of these poorer citizens. Thus, domestic harmony in Athens depended on foreign hegemony, even tyranny. Taming Democracy is an analysis of late fifth and early-mid fourth century thinkers who, like Plato, felt compelled to address the political questions raised by Athens' imperial history. "Athens' miserable defeat in the Peloponnesian War invited a réévaluation of its democracy in general and democratic rhetoric in particular" (p. 32). Their answers, according to Yunis, hinged on whether they believed that rhetoric could be instructive, whether they thought the rhetores—the most accomplished speakers in the assembly—could tame the demos, the public, by teaching it to deliberate wisely through mass political discourse. In Thucydides' work Pericles is presented as the exemplary rhetor because he had the ability and the moral will to teach the Athenians as he led them. The rhetores who arose after Pericles lacked his abilities and his character. They pandered to the Athenians' worst impulses and thus, Thucydides implies, led Athens to its ruin. The Gorgias, Yunis argues, is Plato's response to Thucydides' portrayal of Pericles. Unlike Thucydides who gloried in Athens' power, Plato regarded Athens' imperial ambitions as inherently corrupting. The Gorgias is set in Athens at its zenith; but the characters and historical references of this dialogue about rhetoric and power serve to remind the alert reader that the city will soon be led, by a speech, into the disastrous folly of the Sicilian expedition and, thereby, to the collapse of its empire. This is an extraordinarily provocative book. It is not without its weaknesses, however. First, though other scholars have acknowledged the echoes and parallels between the two authors, they have stopped short of the suggestion that Plato "read" Thucydides. Yunis needs to provide additional warrants for his more assertive position. Second, Yunis actually overlooks one supporting line of evidence in this regard: the paradoxical place of shame in Thucydides and its prominence in the Gorgias. Third, Reviews 333 Yunis distorts the Phaedrus by bending it too harshly to his thesis. The setting of the dialogue and the focal relationship of the...